Showing papers in "IEEE MultiMedia in 2004"
TL;DR: The concept of ambient intelligence is reviewed and its relation with multimedia is elaborated on and the emphasis is on qualitative aspects, highlighting those elements that play a role in realizing ambient intelligence.
Abstract: Ambient intelligence opens up a world of unprecedented experiences. The interaction of people with electronic devices will change as context awareness, natural interfaces, and ubiquitous availability of information come to fruition. Ambient intelligence is going to impose major challenges on multimedia research. Distributed multimedia applications and their processing on embedded static and mobile platforms will play a major role in the development of ambient-intelligent environments. The requirements that ambient-intelligent multimedia applications impose on the mechanisms users apply to interact with media call for paradigms substantially different from contemporary interaction concepts. The complexity of media will continually increase in terms of volume and functionality, thus introducing a need for simplicity and ease of use. Therefore, the massively distributed, integrated use of media will require replacing well-known interaction vehicles, such as remote control and menu-driven search and control, with novel more intuitive, and natural concepts. This article reviews the concept of ambient intelligence and elaborates on its relation with multimedia. (The "Advances in media processing" sidebar gives insight into the developments that have set the stage for this new step forward.) The emphasis is on qualitative aspects, highlighting those elements that play a role in realizing ambient intelligence. Multimedia processing techniques and applications are key to realizing ambient intelligence, and they introduce major challenges to the design and implementation of both media-processing platforms and multimedia applications. Technology will not be the limiting factor in realizing ambient intelligence. The ingredients to let the computers disappear are already available, but the true success of the paradigm will depend on the ability to develop concepts that allow natural interaction with digital environments. We must build these digital environments with the invisible technology of the forthcoming century. The role of intelligent algorithms in this respect is apparent because it is the key enabling factor for realizing natural interaction.
208 citations
TL;DR: In a technical product's early stages, the typical IEEE MultiMedia reader would judge it by the strength and novelty of its technology, but when a product ships to mainstream users, this critical consideration helps determine a product's success in the marketplace.
Abstract: In a technical product's early stages, the typical IEEE MultiMedia reader would judge it by the strength and novelty of its technology. Early adopters in our community will accept a product more based on the technology it uses and the function it performs than its ease of use and their experience in using it. The situation changes when a product ships to mainstream users. Normal users don't care nearly as much about what technology goes into a product. They care more about the problem the product solves and their experience while using it. Given products with the same functionality, what will make the experience better? This critical consideration helps determine a product's success in the marketplace.
188 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: This work plans to explore semantic similarities across multiple simultaneous news media sources and to abstract summaries for different viewpoints to track a semantic topic as it evolves into the future and should be able to summarize news repositories into a smaller collection of topic threads.
Abstract: As multimedia content has proliferated over the past several years, users have begun to expect that content be easily accessed according to their own preferences. One of the most effective ways to do this is through using the MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards, which can help address the issues associated with designing a video personalization and summarization system in heterogeneous usage environments. This three-tier architecture provides a standards-compliant infrastructure that, in conjunction with our tools, can help select, adapt, and deliver personalized video summaries to users. In extending our summarization research, we plan to explore semantic similarities across multiple simultaneous news media sources and to abstract summaries for different viewpoints. Doing so will allow us to track a semantic topic as it evolves into the future. As a result, we should be able to summarize news repositories into a smaller collection of topic threads.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, this article focuses on Part 7 of the MPEG-21 standard (ISO/IEC 21000-7), which is at the penultimate stage of Final Committee Draft (2003); final approval is scheduled for December 2003.
Abstract: The access devices of today are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Thanks to multimedia, communication is much widespread and therefore more powerful. However, we face a serious problem of heterogeneity in our terminals, in our networks, and in the people who ultimately consume and interact with the information presented to them. In this article, we focus on Part 7 of the MPEG-21 standard (ISO/IEC 21000-7), which we refer to as Digital Item Adaptation (DIA). At the time of this writing, the DIA specification is at the penultimate stage of Final Committee Draft (2003); final approval is scheduled for December 2003. The general DIA concept is that Digital Item is subject to both a resource adaptation and a descriptor adaptation engine, which together produce the adapted Digital Item. Note that the standard specifies only the tools that assist with the adaptation process, not the adaptation engines themselves. Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) specifies the following natural environment description tools: location and time and audiovisual environment. The DIA offers a rich set of tools to assist with the adaptation of Digital Items. It offers standardized tools for the description of usage environments, tools to create high-level descriptions of the bitstream syntax to achieve format-independent adaptation, tools that assist in making tradeoffs between feasible adaptation operations and constraints, tools that enable low-complexity adaptation of metadata, and tools for session mobility. Moving forward, the MPEG-21 committee is considering amendments to the specification-for instance, tools that provide further assistance with modality conversion and tools that relate more specifically to the adaptation of audio and graphics media. Furthermore, also being actively considered is how to express the rights that a User has to perform adaptation and how this expression fits into a system that governs those rights.
122 citations
TL;DR: Diver can aid collaborative analysis of a broad array of visual data records, including simulations, 2D and 3D animations, and static works of art, photography, and text, which support the tool's fundamentally collaborative, communication-oriented nature.
Abstract: The digital interactive video exploration and reflection (Diver) system lets users create virtual pathways through existing video content using a virtual camera and an annotation window for commentary. Users can post their Dives to the WebDiver server system to generate active collaboration, further repurposing, and discussion. Although our current work focuses on video records in learning research and educational practices, Diver can aid collaborative analysis of a broad array of visual data records, including simulations, 2D and 3D animations, and static works of art, photography, and text. In addition to the social and behavioral sciences, substantive application areas include medical visualization, astronomic data or cosmological models, military satellite intelligence, and ethnology and animal behavior. Diver-style user-centered video repurposing might also prove compelling for popular media with commercial application involving sports events, movies, television shows, and video gaming. Future technical development includes possible enhancements to the interface to support simultaneous display of multiple Dives on the same source content, a more fluid two-way relation between desktop Diver and WebDiver, and solutions to the current limitations on displaying and authoring time/space cropped videos in a browser context. These developments support the tool's fundamentally collaborative, communication-oriented nature.
115 citations
TL;DR: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) have developed technologies that define structures for describing media semantics as mentioned in this paper, which are based on XML, but a number of syntactic and semantic problems hinder their interoperability.
Abstract: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) have developed technologies that define structures for describing media semantics. Although both approaches are based on XML, a number of syntactic and semantic problems hinder their interoperability. In Part 2 we discuss these problems as well as ontological issues for media semantics and the problems of applying theoretical concepts to real-world applications.
106 citations
TL;DR: The goal in this article is to systematically classify and compare the existing QoS specification languages that span several QoS layers with diverse properties along with their properties and relations.
Abstract: Following considerable research into quality-of-service-aware application programming interface design and QoS specification language development for multimedia systems, we present a survey and taxonomy of existing QoS specification languages. As computer and communication technology evolves, distributed multimedia applications are becoming ubiquitous, and quality of service (QoS) is becoming ever more integral to those applications. Because they consume so many resources (such as memory and bandwidth), multimedia applications need resource management at different layers of the communications protocol stack to ensure end-to-end service quality, and to regulate resource contention for equitable resource sharing. However, before an application can invoke any QoS-aware resource management mechanisms and policies - such as admission control, resource reservation, enforcement, and adaptation - it must specify its QoS requirements and the corresponding resource allocations. Furthermore, the application must describe how QoS should be scaled and adapted in cases of resource contention or resource scarcity during runtime. Our goal in this article is to systematically classify and compare the existing QoS specification languages that span several QoS layers with diverse properties. The provided taxonomy and the extensive analysis will give us a detailed look at the existing QoS specification languages along with their properties and relations.
104 citations
TL;DR: Experimental results show that fast detections of whistle sounds, crowd excitement, and text boxes can complement existing techniques for play-breaks and highlights localization and reveal why breaks should still retain breaks.
Abstract: Summarization is an essential requirement for achieving a more compact and interesting representation of sports video contents. We propose a framework that integrates highlights into play segments and reveal why we should still retain breaks. Experimental results show that fast detections of whistle sounds, crowd excitement, and text boxes can complement existing techniques for play-breaks and highlights localization.
82 citations
TL;DR: This project developed a mobile, location-aware information system that draws the visitor's attention to historic sites of interest and provides location-dependent multimedia information about monuments and significant historical sites in Lower Saxony.
Abstract: Modern monument conservation aims to foster the public's perception of cultural heritage. To support this aim, we developed a mobile, location-aware information system that draws the visitor's attention to historic sites of interest and provides location-dependent multimedia information. We call the system mobiDENK, which is the acronym for mobile monuments in German: "mobile Denkmaler". Essentially, the mobiDENK application runs on a personal digital assistant (PDA) with an integrated global positioning system (GPS) receiver. By locating the user and showing position and path on an interactive map, mobiDENK offers visual navigation support. As the user casually tours an area, mobiDENK provides location-based multimedia information about points of interest (POIs) along the way, such as monuments and significant historical sites. MobiDENK is one application of the highly modular, flexible Niccimon system architecture that we developed for rapid mobile application development. The project's aim is to provide the public with mobile, location-based multimedia information about significant cultural sites in Lower Saxony.
70 citations
TL;DR: The IP-based approach of UMTS for the provision of mobile multimedia services is described and the integration of WLAN into the UMTS architecture could indicate that the field is moving toward separating mobile and fixed Internet.
Abstract: Mobile next-generation networks (NGNs) are a necessary element in reaching the goal of truly ubiquitous computing. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, the third-generation mobile service concept, is a technology step to mobile NGNs. We can view NGNs as a merger of the Internet and intranets with mobile networks and with media and broadcast technologies. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is-from a radio perspective-a third-generation cellular technology, which is defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in its IMT-2000 framework (2001). From a conceptual point of view, it represents a technology step to mobile NGNs' facilitating ubiquitous computing. Researchers conceived UMTS to combine Internet protocol (IP) and mobile technologies to offer personal communication and personalized content everywhere. Its goal is to apply Internet protocols for mobile services control and end-to-end applications. By analyzing the trends of key technologies, we can see how they drive the evolution of the Internet and mobile communications toward mobile NGNs. In this article, I describe the IP-based approach of UMTS for the provision of mobile multimedia services. The integration of WLAN into the UMTS architecture could indicate that the field is moving toward separating mobile and fixed Internet.
64 citations
TL;DR: This work discusses the author suggestion for locating content in mixed-media for context-sensitive queries, and provides examples of nontextual approach, a system for organizing digital photographs in which all of the instances of a particular person can be found based on face recognition rather than keyword matching.
Abstract: This work discusses the author suggestion for locating content in mixed-media for context-sensitive queries. Also provides examples of nontextual approach, a system for organizing digital photographs in which all of the instances of a particular person can be found based on face recognition rather than keyword matching, and compared with a conventional metadata effort that uses predictive labelling of objects in the base data set.
IBM1
TL;DR: The proposed metamodel will be extended and include domains from related fields, such as user modeling and intelligent tutoring systems that deal with high-level user models, for evaluating various aspects of multimedia and multimodal communication.
Abstract: The multimedia metamodel defines platform-independent multimedia concepts, opening the way for novel approaches to designing content repurposing solutions. Designers can use the metamodel to create content and add metadata to existing content, simplifying content analysis and repurposing. This model-driven approach and proposed design solutions are useful not only for many multimedia designers and researchers, where the model-driven tools can help them create better multimedia interfaces, but also for lecturers and students of multimedia courses. In the latter case, the unified multimedia metamodel offers context for sometimes subtle relationships between multimedia concepts. The metamodel can also facilitate the collaborative creation of broader knowledge about multimedia phenomena. In our future work, we plan to extend the proposed metamodel and include domains from related fields, such as user modeling and intelligent tutoring systems that deal with high-level user models. We are also designing multimodal test environments, reusable multimedia components, and data mining tools for evaluating various aspects of multimedia and multimodal communication.
TL;DR: A study on the functional categorization of Web images using data collected from news Web sites finds that icons that appear regularly on Web sites could be classified by analyzing different editions of the pages for repetitions.
Abstract: The Web provides an increasingly powerful and popular publication mechanism. Web documents often contain a large number of images that serve various purposes. Identifying the functional categories of these images is an important task in Web repurposing. This article describes a study on the functional categorization of Web images using data collected from news Web sites. As the popularity of the Web soars, the content on the Web is increasingly accessed from wireless devices that have small screens and different bandwidths. Because many Web documents contain a large number of images serving different purposes, how to identify the function of each image so that it can be handled accordingly is an important issue in Web content repurposing. Much work remains to be done in function-based image classification of all images. Icons that appear regularly on Web sites (for example, newspaper logos) could be classified by analyzing different editions of the pages for repetitions. For the host class, a combination of detecting repetitive images and face recognition should help significantly.
TL;DR: In Part 1 of this two-part article, the authors discuss the many practical obstacles that prevent the widespread use of the Semantic Web and Multimedia Content Description Interface (MPEG-7).
Abstract: In Part 1 of this two-part article, the authors discuss the many practical obstacles that prevent the widespread use of the Semantic Web and Multimedia Content Description Interface (MPEG-7).
TL;DR: This paper deals with the recently approved ISO standard, MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language (REL), an international standard for expressing and interpreting rights for using and distributing content, resources, and arid services that can support reliable, flexible, and cost-effective interoperable digital rights management systems and applications.
Abstract: The Internet has spawned a revolution in the way people distribute content and access services. At the same time, the availability of broadband and wireless networks has increased, as have the capability and portability of computing and consumer electronic devices. These factors have fueled the development of new technologies to automate, manage, and secure content flow and service access over the Internet. This paper deals with the recently approved ISO standard, MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language (REL). This language is precise, flexible, extensible, and rich in expressing rights. Thus, it can support reliable, flexible, and cost-effective interoperable digital rights management (DRM) systems and applications for electronic commerce and enterprise management of content and services. It is an international standard for expressing and interpreting rights for using and distributing content, resources, and arid services. As an enabling technology for interoperable DRM, its' adoption by industry and incorporation into products certainly takes time. The challenge is to proliferate the REL's adaptation across many different DRM systems as well as conditional access and authorization systems. Moreover, the REL must pervade not only entertainment but also many other applications, such as enterprise, medical information, and even privacy protection.
TL;DR: This work describes an approach, based on dynamic and proactive precaching, to overcome poor data rates and is realized through the innovative deployment of intelligent agents on mobile devices.
Abstract: Poor data rates often hinder the timely dissemination of multimedia content to users in a mobile computing environment. We describe an approach, based on dynamic and proactive precaching, to overcome these limitations. This approach, which we term intelligent precaching, is realized through the innovative deployment of intelligent agents on mobile devices.
TL;DR: The Hypermedia Emergency Plan is turned into a multimedia software system that integrates text, audio, video, 3D models, and animations for handling emergencies in underground metropolitan transportation.
Abstract: Because of the complexity of emergency procedures, the stressful situations during which they're executed, the emergency plan must be meticulously designed so that safety managers can quickly find needed information. Regardless of the complex procedures it describes and the trying situations where it would be used, the plan's success is always measured by how effective the evacuation is. Thus, safety-conscious organizations continually try to improve their emergency procedures and the way they present them in the emergency plan. Integrating incoming information during an emergency and correlating this information with the plan's procedures is a manual task for many safety managers. The danger is that the emergency plan can quickly become a bottleneck during the very emergency for which it describes procedures to resolve it. We've faced this problem in the context of improving and optimizing the plain-text emergency plan for the subway system of Valencia, Spain, a mid-sized city. In 1998, the Metro Valencia Safety Office began developing a system to improve its emergency plan. The Hypermedia Emergency Plan has been operational since June 2000 at the Metro Valencia's Traffic Control Office. Our solution was to turn the emergency plan into a multimedia software system that integrates text, audio, video, 3D models, and animations for handling emergencies in underground metropolitan transportation. From our experience with the Hypermedia Emergency Plan, and with the advent of many new technologies (such as mobile computing, wireless networks, Web services, and digital libraries), we're convinced that the time has come to tackle this challenge.
TL;DR: An experimental mixed reality system which lets users play characters in interactive narratives as though acting on a stage using a multimodal approach and interprets users' acting in the mixed reality stage in terms of narrative functions representing users' contributions to the unfolding plot.
Abstract: In this paper, an experimental mixed reality using a multimodal approach is introduced which lets users play characters in interactive narratives as though acting on a stage. Users interact with characters through speech, attitude, and gesture, enhancing their immersion in the virtual world. This system provides a small-scale but complete integration of multimodal communication in interactive storytelling. It uses a narrative's semantic context to focus multimodal input processing-that is, the system interprets users' acting (the multimodal input) in the mixed reality stage in terms of narrative functions representing users' contributions to the unfolding plot.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe interfaces and supporting technological infrastructure to create audiovisual instruments for use in music therapy and propose a model to help designers manage the complex mapping between input devices and multiple media software.
Abstract: This article describes interfaces (and the supporting technological infrastructure) to create audiovisual instruments for use in music therapy. In considering how the multidimensional nature of sound requires multidimensional input control, we propose a model to help designers manage the complex mapping between input devices and multiple media software. We also itemize a research agenda.
TL;DR: This paper presents the reflections of the work done by the author and the work ahead on video content classification and retrieval.
Abstract: With the advent of broadband networking, video will be available online as well as through traditional distribution channels. The merging of entertainment and information media makes video content classification and retrieval a necessary tool. To provide fast retrieval, content management systems must discern between categories of video. Automatic multimedia analysis techniques for deriving high-level descriptions and annotations have experienced a tremendous surge in interest. Academia and industry have also been challenged to develop realistic applications-from home media library organizers and multimedia lecture archives to broadcast TV content navigators and video-on-demand-in pursuit of the killer application. Current content classification technologies have undoubtedly emerged from traditional image processing and computer vision, audio analysis and processing, and information retrieval. Although terminology varies, the algorithms generally fall into three categories: tangible detectors, high-level abstractors, and latent or intangible descriptors. This paper presents the reflections of the work done by the author and the work ahead.
TL;DR: This special issue focuses on the challenges, architectures, technology, and tools for content repurposing, and focuses on rich content only.
Abstract: This special issue focuses on the challenges, architectures, technology, and tools for content repurposing.Typically, Web content comprises text, images, animations, and video. Since images,animations, and video are harder to handle, the early content repurposing efforts focused on delivering text. While this is useful for many applications such as stock quotes, weather conditions,traffic updates, and news headlines, users are accustomed to the Web experience and want to receive richer content. In many situations, such as when users are mobile or short of time, they find it easier to comprehend information presented as images and videos. The articles in this special issue focus on rich content only.
TL;DR: A music performance simulator, a VR system where several virtual characters play different musical instruments and adapt their performance according to the user's instructions, to give music amateurs the opportunity to conduct a group of musicians and produce a new kind of multimedia experience.
Abstract: The virtual orchestra is a multimodal system architecture based on complex 3D sound environment processing and a compact user interface. The system architecture supports high-performance sound content for VR (virtual reality) applications, and the user controls the performance with a magnetically tracked handheld device. The objective of this work is to give music amateurs the opportunity to conduct a group of musicians and produce a new kind of multimedia experience. To explore this idea, the authors developed a semi-immersive virtual reality system, based on a large projection screen, designed to create an entertaining multimedia experience for nonexpert users. They decided to implement a music performance simulator, a VR system where several virtual characters play different musical instruments and adapt their performance according to the user's instructions.
TL;DR: This paper is about MirrorSpace, an interactive video communication system that was originally conceived as a prototype for the interLiving project (http:// interliving.kth.se/) of the European Disappearing Computer initiative (2001-2003).
Abstract: This paper is about MirrorSpace, an interactive video communication system. When you're far away, your own image reflects in it like in a distorting mirror, blurred and imprecise. As you move toward it, however, it becomes clearer and more accurate. By the time you reach it, the reflection is almost perfect, as in a conventional mirror. What you see is not a simple optical reflection but a video image captured, processed, and displayed in real time. MirrorSpace was originally conceived as a prototype for the interLiving project (http:// interliving.kth.se/) of the European Disappearing Computer initiative (2001-2003). This project focused on the design of technologies to support communication among family members located in different households.
TL;DR: A traitor-tracing algorithm is presented that takes advantage of soft-decision decoding techniques to find all identifiable traitors.
Abstract: To protect intellectual property and distribution rights against dishonest customers in the multimedia content market, fingerprinting schemes that use error-correcting codes help identify users illegally redistributing media. This article presents a traitor-tracing algorithm that takes advantage of soft-decision decoding techniques to find all identifiable traitors.
TL;DR: Two recent benchmarking efforts, TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID) and the IAPR TC-12 Benchmark for Visual Information Search, show great promise for letting the multimedia retrieval community collaborate on advancing the state of the art.
Abstract: Multimedia retrieval systems' development has long been challenged by the lack of standard benchmarks for evaluating and comparing the performance of emerging techniques. However, two recent benchmarking efforts, TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation (TRECVID) and the IAPR TC-12 Benchmark for Visual Information Search, show great promise for letting the multimedia retrieval community collaborate on advancing the state of the art.
TL;DR: The aim in this article is to characterize the collusion attacks against this watermark-fingerprint system under the assumption that watermark detection is robust against signal-processing attacks on the protected object.
Abstract: This article proposes a multimedia content protection system in which all copies of a protected object are identically watermarked, but each user has a distinct secret detection key that differs from the secret embedding key. An attacker with access to one detection key can fool the corresponding watermark detector but not other watermark detectors. Surprisingly, analogous to a criminal action, during this attack the attacker necessarily inserts his or her fingerprint into the modified content. Even a collusion clique of relatively large size cannot entirely remove the secret marks from the protected content by colluding their detection keys. More importantly, if the clique is not large enough, traces of the detection keys of all colluders can be detected with relatively high accuracy in the attacked clip. Our proposed watermark-fingerprint system achieves a minimum collusion size K that grows linearly with the size N of the marked object. In addition, we can augment our watermark-fingerprint system with a segmentation layer. The media content is partitioned into 5 segments, in which media players as well as forensic analyzers can reliably detect a watermark or fingerprint. Only detection keys that belong to the same segment can participate in the collusion clique. With segmentation, the minimum collusion size K grows as 0(N log N). Therefore, with or without segmentation, our watermark-fingerprint system significantly improves on the best-known asymptotic resistance to (fingerprint) collusion attacks of about O(N/sup 1/4/). Because we use a new protection protocol, comparing our system to classic fingerprint systems might seem unfair. However, such a comparison is important because the two technologies share a common goal: multimedia copyright enforcement. Our aim in this article is to characterize the collusion attacks against this system under the assumption that watermark detection is robust against signal-processing attacks on the protected object.
TL;DR: A system that animates 3D facial agents based on real-time facial expression analysis techniques and research on synthesizing facial expressions and text-to-speech capabilities to communicate one coherent multimodal chat experience is developed.
Abstract: In this paper, the authors have developed a system that animates 3D facial agents based on real-time facial expression analysis techniques and research on synthesizing facial expressions and text-to-speech capabilities. This system combines visual, auditory, and primary interfaces to communicate one coherent multimodal chat experience. Users can represent themselves using agents they select from a group that we have predefined. When a user shows a particular expression while typing a text, the 3D agent at the receiving end speaks the message aloud while it replays the recognized facial expression sequences and also augments the synthesized voice with appropriate emotional content. Because the visual data exchange is based on the MPEG-4 high-level Facial Animation Parameter for facial expressions (FAP 2), rather than real-time video, the method requires very low bandwidth.
TL;DR: The 3G-324M system is a derivative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) H.324 protocol standard for low-bitrate multimedia communication, which ITU-T developed for the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
Abstract: As mobile operators worldwide migrate to third-generation (3G) networks, conversational video-telephony services are becoming a key differentiator between new 3G offerings and existing 2G/2.5G services. Although it's possible to have limited video-based services - such as a multimedia messaging service - that deliver pictures and video clips over 2.5G services, these are delay-insensitive applications that could run over a packet-based wireless network like general packet radio service (GPRS) or code division multiple access (CDMA)'s 1XRTT. For delay-sensitive applications such as conversational video telephony, present 3G packet bearers are inadequate, and the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP; http://www.3gpp.org) mandates using the 3G bandwidth-guaranteed circuit-switched bearer and the 3G-324M system. The 3G-324M system is a derivative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) H.324 protocol standard for low-bitrate multimedia communication, which ITU-T developed for the public switched telephone network (PSTN). This article describes the 3G-324M system, which has been adopted by both 3GPP and 3GPP2 (htpp://www.3gpp2.org), as well as its H.324 roots.
TL;DR: This article starts to address the difficult problem of finding acceptable methods to deal with screen-size variations by preserving graphic communication impact for specific visual analysis tasks without extensively modifying existing images or overly constraining authors of new images.
Abstract: Graphic display technologies have traditionally targeted devices with midsize screens. However, devices with small and large screen sizes are gaining popularity, with users increasingly attempting to access complex images using small-screen devices. To display high-quality images irrespective of screen size, new methods of visualization become necessary. This article starts to address the difficult problem of finding acceptable methods to deal with screen-size variations. Instead of approaching the problem from a technology perspective, my techniques preserve graphic communication impact for specific visual analysis tasks without extensively modifying existing images or overly constraining authors of new images. Adapting visual content to retain graphic communication impact is essential to maximize the effectiveness of new devices.