Showing papers in "Journal of Applied Social Psychology in 2005"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the value-belief-norm (VBN) model and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for the first time regarding their ability to explain conservation behavior.
Abstract: In this paper, we contrast the value-belief-norm (VBN) model and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for the first time regarding their ability to explain conservation behavior. The participants represent a convenience sample of 468 university students. Using survey data and adopting previously established compound measures, structural equation analyses revealed a remarkable explanatory power for both theories: TPB's intention accounted for 95% of people's conservation behavior and VBN's personal norms accounted for 64%. Compared to the VBN model, the TPB covered its concepts more fully in terms of proportions of explained variance. More importantly, the fit statistics revealed that only the TPB depicts the relations among its concepts appropriately, whereas the VBN model does not.
569 citations
TL;DR: The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version (PEDQ-CV) as mentioned in this paper can be used across ethnic groups to assess perceived racism or ethnic discrimination, permitting the examination of different forms of this race-related stressor.
Abstract: This paper describes 2 studies that evaluated a new instrument, the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire–Community Version (PEDQ-CV). The PEDQ-CV can be used across ethnic groups to assess perceived racism or ethnic discrimination. The scales measure several subdimensions of racism, permitting the examination of different forms of this race-related stressor. The first study evaluated the psychometric properties of the PEDQ-CV in a large sample of community-dwelling adults. The second evaluated psychometric properties of a brief version of the PEDQ-CV, developed for research protocols requiring a shorter administration time. Tests were made of reliability and several forms of construct validity. Both versions of the PEDQ-CV have good reliability and construct validity. The PEDQ-CV can facilitate the development of an integrative body of knowledge across different ethnic groups regarding the existence, determinants, and consequences of discrimination.
304 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that open measures of the standard TPB variables explained 48% of the variance in intention to increase physical activity, while affective attitude explained an additional 11% of variance.
Abstract: Standard theory of planned behavior (TPB) questions to elicit salient behavioral beliefs may elicit instrumental consequences of behavior, and overlook affective consequences. Two hundred thirteen English adults (35 to 75 years of age) completed a questionnaire that contained closed measures of TPB constructs, and open-ended questions that asked not only about advantages and disadvantages, but also what respondents would like or enjoy and dislike or hate about being more physically active. Beliefs elicited by affective questions were associated more strongly with a closed affective attitude scale. Beliefs elicited by instrumental questions were associated more strongly with a closed instrumental attitude scale. Closed measures of the standard TPB variables explained 48% of the variance in intention to increase physical activity, while affective attitude explained an additional 11% of the variance. Applications of the TPB should consider affective and not just instrumental determinants of behavior.
238 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the extent to which viewers' emotional discomfort with a crime story and perceptions and memorability of a perpetrator and victim could be influenced by the race and skin tone of the perpetrator portrayed in a newscast.
Abstract: An experiment examined the extent to which viewers’ emotional discomfort with a crime story and perceptions and memorability of a perpetrator and victim could be influenced by the race and skin tone of the perpetrator portrayed in a newscast. Participants were exposed either to a White, light-skinned Black, medium-skinned Black, or dark-skinned Black perpetrator. In addition, participants provided self-reports of their news viewing habits. Results revealed that heavy television news viewers were more likely than light viewers to feel emotional discomfort after being exposed to the dark-skinned Black perpetrator. Heavy news viewers also had favorable perceptions of the victim when the perpetrator was Black, regardless of skin tone. Results also indicated that all participants, regardless of prior news exposure, found the perpetrator more memorable when the perpetrator was a dark-skinned Black male. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
238 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the outcomes of these types of passion toward gambling and found that harmonious passion was associated with positive outcomes, while obsessive passion was related to negative consequences, while casino activities accentuated both positive and negative outcomes by fostering both types of passions toward the gambling activity.
Abstract: Vallerand et al (2003) developed a theoretical framework of passion where two types of passions are proposed: obsessive and harmonious passion Obsessive passion is characterized by an internal pressure that pushes the person to engage in the passionate activity, whereas harmonious passion is characterized by the person’s choice to engage in the activity The goal of the present study was to examine the outcomes of these types of passion toward gambling A total of 554 participants completed instruments assessing their passion toward gambling, as well as several cognitive and affective outcomes Results indicated that, in general, harmonious passion was associated with positive outcomes, while obsessive passion was related to negative consequences Results also showed that casino activities accentuated both positive and negative outcomes by fostering both types of passion toward the gambling activity Conceptual and practical implications are discussed
203 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used panel data collected in 1991 as part of the University of Southern California Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG) to predict reported preparation activities prior to and in response to the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake.
Abstract: Panel data collected in 1991 as part of the University of Southern California Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG) were used to predict reported preparation activities prior to and in response to the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. In late 1994 and early 1995, 163 panelists (representing 107 multigenerational families) were interviewed by phone about their earthquake experiences. The best 1991 predictor of pre-quake preparation was the extent of instrumental support respondents provided to network members. Earthquake preparation activities undertaken after the quake were associated with the amount and cost of damage experienced during the quake, 1991 neuroticism scores, age (inversely), and having preparedness encouraged by multiple network sources. The results highlight the importance of social roles (e.g., support provision) and discussion by informal network sources in the adoption of public health and safety messages.
159 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that post-9/11 flag-display behavior was an expression of patriotism, not nationalism, and that patriotism can exist without nationalism, even in the context of people's reactions to a terrorist attack.
Abstract: People reacted to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in a number of different ways. One reaction was to display the American flag on one's home, car, or person. The goal of this research was to understand the underlying motivations that led to this widespread behavior. Specifically, to what extent was post-9/11 flag-display behavior motivated by patriotism (love of country and in-group solidarity), nationalism (uncritical acceptance of national, state, and political authorities and out-group antipathy), or a combination of both? Results of a national survey (N= 605) provided much stronger support for the hypothesis that post-9/11 flag-display behavior was an expression of patriotism, not nationalism. Other results supported the notion that patriotism can exist without nationalism, even in the context of people's reactions to a terrorist attack.
152 citations
TL;DR: In a secondary analysis of data from 220 women serving in the U.S. Air Force and their spouses, this article examined the effects of job and family stressors on work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC), focusing on the crossover of these experiences from one spouse to another.
Abstract: In a secondary analysis of data from 220 women serving in the U.S. Air Force and their spouses, we examined the effects of job and family stressors on work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC), focusing on the crossover of these experiences from one spouse to the other. We found positive relationships of WFC with both job and family stressors for wives and with job stressors for husbands. We also found that job and family stressors predicted FWC for wives, but not for husbands. Furthermore, spouse's support buffered the relationship between one's job stressors and the experience of WFC for wives but accelerated these relationships for husbands. Our findings support the bidirectional crossover of WFC from one spouse to another.
148 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a social-ecological framework to design an intervention to reduce residential water and energy use in a local community, using information leaflets, attunement labels and socially comparative feedback on the actual levels of energy and water consumption in 166 households over a 6-month period.
Abstract: The present study utilized a social-ecological framework to design an intervention to reduce residential water and energy use in a local community. An experimental design was used to study the influence of information leaflets, attunement labels, and socially comparative feedback on the actual levels of energy and water consumption in 166 households over a 6-month period. The results suggest that the labels, designed to attune residents to the environmental-impact affordances of various appliances around their homes, led to a 23% reduction in water consumption. Neither information leaflets nor socially comparative feedback produced significant reductions in water use, compared to controls. No significant reductions in energy consumption were observed for any of the intervention conditions. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and their application to public policy promoting environmentally sustainable behavior.
143 citations
TL;DR: This article examined social psychological processes associated with anti-Arab reactions (prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination) following the September 11 terrorist attacks and found that self-categorization and social dominance orientation each individually accounted for a substantial percentage of the variance, while perceived threats were relatively small.
Abstract: This study examined social psychological processes associated with anti-Arab reactions (prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination) following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Participants (N= 201) responded to an online survey. Perceived threats, self-categorization, social dominance orientation, and just-world beliefs were tested for their effectiveness in predicting anti-Arab reactions. The results reveal that self-categorization and social dominance orientation each individually accounted for a substantial percentage of the variance, while perceived threats accounted for a relatively small amount of the variance in anti-Arab responses. However, an integrated model demonstrated that social dominance orientation, threats, self-categorization, and a threat by self-categorization interaction provided the best prediction of anti-Arab reactions. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical and practical applications for understanding out-group derogation following political-cultural world events.
135 citations
TL;DR: This article found that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are strongly related to racism, and that RWA is positively related to both subtle and blatant prejudice, whereas SDO was positively related only to blatant prejudice.
Abstract: Previous research revealed that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are strongly related to racism. However, this line of inquiry neglected to study these relationships for various forms of racism. In Study 1, it was found in a Flemish heterogeneous adult sample (N= 146) that RWA and SDO bore about equally strong relationships with biological racism, symbolic racism, ethnocentrism, and aversive racism. Study 2 revealed in a heterogeneous adult sample (N= 176), also administered in Flanders (Belgium), that RWA was positively related to both subtle and blatant prejudice, whereas SDO was positively related only to blatant prejudice. Moreover, RWA differentiates better between different types of racists composed on the basis of scores on the racism dimensions. The implications of these results for RWA- and SDO-based prejudice are discussed.
TL;DR: In the present study, 302 female undergraduate students were surveyed and approval and reported future likelihood of cosmetic surgery were predicted by greater media exposure, greater vicarious experience of Cosmetic surgery, and greater importance of appearance to self-worth.
Abstract: The pursuit of beauty through alteration of physical appearance is a growing trend. Rates of cosmetic surgery have soared, suggesting that surgery is a common, acceptable solution to the desire for self-improvement. Despite indications that surgeries are increasing in frequency, there have been few empirical investigations about popular attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. In the present study, 302 female undergraduate students were surveyed. Approximately 3% of the sample had undergone cosmetic surgery themselves, and half knew at least 1 person among their friends and family who had undergone cosmetic surgery. As hypothesized, approval and reported future likelihood of cosmetic surgery were predicted by greater media exposure, greater vicarious experience of cosmetic surgery, and greater importance of appearance to self-worth. No significant differences among ethnic groups were found.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the first quantitative investigation of the psychological ramifications of euthanasia-related work and find that perceived euthanasia related strain is prevalent among shelter employees and is associated with increased levels of general job stress, work-to-family conflict, somatic complaints, and substance use; and with lower levels of job satisfaction.
Abstract: The current study represents the first quantitative investigation of the psychological ramifications of euthanasia-related work. Results indicate that perceived euthanasia-related strain is prevalent among shelter employees and is associated with increased levels of general job stress, work-to-family conflict, somatic complaints, and substance use; and with lower levels of job satisfaction. Analyses provide evidence that euthanasia-related work has a significant negative relation with employee well-being independent of its relation with generalized job stress. Exploratory analyses also suggest that individual, work, and organizational differences may influence the level of perceived stress and appear to be associated with certain aspects of employee well-being. The need for future research of this topic and its relevance to a wide range of applied psychologists is discussed.
TL;DR: This article found that high threat-appraisal information was by far the most powerful predictor of intentions to take precautionary measures against skin cancer, and that invoking perceived threat effectively motivates most people.
Abstract: Undergraduates who sunbathed were assessed on personality variables and then randomly assigned to read one of 4 essays (with photos) that manipulated threat and coping appraisal information about sunbathing, skin damage, and skin cancer symptoms and prevention. High threat-appraisal information was by far the most powerful predictor of intentions to take precautionary measures against skin cancer. Coping appraisal information was associated with reduced perceptions of hopelessness concerning skin cancer risk. Individual-difference variables (i.e., appearance concern, need for cognition, health locus of control) predicted maladaptive coping modes and, to a lesser extent, adaptive behavioral intentions. Results suggest that tailoring persuasive appeals to individuals may modestly improve preventive efforts, and that invoking perceived threat effectively motivates most people.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship among conflict orientation, competitive bargaining, and unethical behavior and found that negotiators who adopt a competitive orientation use both types of tactics in tandem, and that deception significantly distorts targets' beliefs, influences targets' decisions, increases deceivers' profits, and harms targets' profits.
Abstract: This article examines the relationship among conflict orientation, competitive bargaining, and unethical behavior. We report results from a negotiation study (N= 111 dyads) involving a 7-action prisoner's dilemma. We coded participants’ conflict frames and their use of both competitive ethical tactics and deception. Our results demonstrate that negotiators’ conflict frames influence the use of both types of behavior. While prior work has conceptualized competitive ethical tactics as distinct from unethical tactics (e.g., deception), our results suggest that in practice negotiators who adopt a competitive orientation use both types of tactics in tandem. We also examine the influence of deception on the bargaining process and outcomes. We find that the use of deception significantly distorts targets’ beliefs, influences targets’ decisions, increases deceivers’ profits, and harms targets’ profits. We discuss theoretical implications of these results and offer prescriptions for curtailing deception.
TL;DR: The authors found that perceived personal implication was consistently the best predictor of social control behavior, such that the more someone felt that a deviant behavior affected him or her personally, the more he or she was likely to communicate his or her disapproval to the deviant confederate.
Abstract: Social control is the generic term for all reactions through which people express their disapproval of someone who engages in a counternormative behavior or who holds a counternormative attitude. Sociological theorizing suggests that the likelihood of a naive bystander exerting social control depends primarily on the degree of deviance of the counternormative behavior. The psychological literature on helping behavior suggests that perceived personal implication should play an important role in the decision of whether or not to exert social control. A field study involving 5 different experimental settings was conducted in order to test these hypotheses. Confederates engaged in a variety of behaviors that violated social norms. Perceived personal implication was consistently the best predictor of social control behavior, such that the more someone felt that a deviant behavior affected him or her personally, the more he or she was likely to communicate his or her disapproval to the deviant confederate. Perceived deviance of the behavior was a less powerful predictor of social control. These findings speak to the moderating factors of social control behavior and to the circumstances under which social norms protecting public property are likely to be perpetuated. They also speak to the measures that must be taken if decision makers want to facilitate informal social control as a means to combat incivility.A
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between color-blind attitudes, modern racist attitudes, and attitudes toward affirmative action and found that colorblind attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor of attitudes towards affirmative action, followed by modern racism.
Abstract: In the hotly contested issue of affirmative action, detractors maintain that the use of raceconscious policies to remedy past discrimination is contraindicative of a color-blind society. Supporters of affirmative action maintain that while a color-blind society may be desirable, acts of past discrimination and current institutional racism make it necessary to use race-conscious policies. Past research has shown that the demographic variables of race and sex, as well as modern racist attitudes predict attitudes toward affirmative action. This investigation examined the relationship between color-blind attitudes, modern racist attitudes, and attitudes toward affirmative action. Results confirmed a positive relationship between modern racism and color-blind attitudes. After controlling for race and sex, colorblind attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor of attitudes toward affirmative action, followed by modern racism. Perhaps no other public policy mandate has come under as much scrutiny and controversy as affirmative action. Originally hailed as a way to ensure equal educational and employment access for ethnic minorities and women, affirmative action increasingly has been characterized as giving minorities an unfair advantage over Whites. This characterization has been used as a political tool to foment negative attitudes toward the implementation of affirmative action policies. Given the widespread use of affirmative action policies, it is important that social scientists as well as the public have a thorough understanding of what influences attitudes toward affirmative action. Interestingly, while Whites agree that equality of opportunity is important, they also tend to have negative attitudes toward affirmative action. So, if affirmative action exists to increase equality, why do Whites often oppose it? As Kravitz and Platania (1993) contended, common misconceptions about affirmative action contribute to negative attitudes about the policy. The most common misconception involves the goals of affirmative action. Specifically, many individuals, most
TL;DR: This article found higher correspondence between ratings of Caucasian and Asian American managers and the successful-manager prototype than between prototype characteristics and the reported stereotypes of African American and Hispanic American managers when compared with male and female respondents.
Abstract: Caucasian managers from the hospitality industry used a managerial attribute inventory to rate 1 of 5 target groups: successful manager, Caucasian American manager, African American manager, Asian American manager, or Hispanic American manager. The results revealed higher correspondence between ratings of Caucasian and Asian American managers and the successful-manager prototype than between prototype characteristics and the reported stereotypes of African American and Hispanic American managers. Comparisons between male and female respondents were made also. Their reported perceptions were found to be similar.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined whether self-efficacy functions as a determinant and outcome of maintenance cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence, and the relative contribution of selfefficacy to the prediction of perceived exercise intensity was examined.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-efficacy functions as a determinant and outcome of maintenance cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence. Specifically, the purpose of this prospective observational study was to examine which types of self-efficacy–task or self-regulatory–predicted maintenance exercise attendance. In addition, the relative contribution of self-efficacy to the prediction of perceived exercise intensity was examined. Self-regulatory self-efficacy was operationalized as confidence to schedule and manage exercise sessions, while task self-efficacy concerned confidence to perform aspects of the exercise session and to walk for increasing durations. Sixty-four maintenance cardiac rehabilitation participants completed social cognitive measures and provided attendance data for 4 weeks prior to and 4 weeks following assessment. Results indicated that scheduling and walking self-efficacy significantly predicted cardiac rehabilitation exercise attendance. Task self-efficacy was the best predictor of perceived exercise intensity. Past exercise attendance significantly predicted all 3 dimensions of self-efficacy. Findings are discussed with respect to self-efficacy theory and applications to the maintenance of cardiac rehabilitation exercise adherence.
TL;DR: In this paper, a more comprehensive model that examines both person and situation-level variables was proposed to assess the severity of sexual harassment in the U.S. Armed Forces and found that pervasiveness and type interact to predict subjective appraisal of harassment.
Abstract: The current study bridges literatures on sexual harassment, person-environment systems, and stress and appraisal processes. Conventional wisdom equates severity of sexual harassment with type of harassment. We test this notion empirically and posit a more comprehensive model that examines both person- and situation-level variables. Data came from 13,743 U.S. Armed Forces women responding to survey questions about a significant experience of sexual harassment. Multiple regression results indicate that pervasiveness of sexual harassment relates outcomes better than does type of sexual harassment. Pervasiveness and type interact to predict subjective appraisal of harassment. Additionally, according to multiple-group structural equation models, appraisal mediates relations between pervasiveness and outcomes. Results further suggest that relations among sexual-harassment antecedents and outcomes are consistent, regardless of the type of sexual harassment. These findings highlight the importance of examining both persons and situations when assessing sexual harassment severity.
TL;DR: In this article, two measures of how individuals give (face giving) and react to (threat sensitivity) negatively valenced information are developed and are shown to significantly affect upward communication.
Abstract: The tendency for individuals in organizational hierarchies to fail to communicate negatively valenced information has been well documented, but the psychological mechanisms behind the phenomenon have not. With the increasing emphasis on organizational transparency, the need to understand why organizational participants regularly fail to transfer critical task-relevant information is pressing. Two measures of how individuals give (face giving) and react to (threat sensitivity) negatively valenced information are developed and are shown to significantly affect upward communication. These effects are mediated by 2 dyadic psychological safety constructs based on Edmondson's (1999) team psychological safety construct. Self psychological safety mediated the effect of supervisor face giving on admission of errors and help seeking, and other psychological safety mediated the effect of supervisor face giving and supervisor threat sensitivity on the likelihood that a subordinate will raise disagreement, give candid feedback, and point out errors to a supervisor.
TL;DR: In this article, a motivational model of daily hassles, physical symptoms, and future work intentions with a sample of 122 police officers was tested and found that higher levels of self-determined motivation were associated with higher future work intention and lower levels of reported daily haslles.
Abstract: This study tested a motivational model of daily hassles, physical symptoms, and future work intentions with a sample of 122 police officers. In agreement with self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002), path analyses showed that police oficers who perceived their immediate supervisor as highly supportive of their autonomy were found to report higher levels of self-determined motivation toward work. In turn, higher levels of self-determined motivation were found to be associated with higher future work intentions and lower levels of reported daily hassles. Finally, daily hassles were found to be positively associated with reported physical symptoms. Contrary to our hypotheses, perception of competence support from supervisors was not found to be significantly associated with self-determined motivation. Instead, competence support was found to be negatively associated with daily hassles.
TL;DR: The authors assesses the predictive utility of expanding the normative component of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to include a measure of descriptive norms, and the moderating role of group identification on TPB-intention relations.
Abstract: The present paper assesses (a) the predictive utility of expanding the normative component of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to include a measure of descriptive norms, and (b) the moderating role of group identification on TPB-intention relations. In Study 1 (N= 48), male soccer fans read a vignette describing a potential confrontation with opposition fans. In Study 2 (N= 129), male field-hockey players read a vignette describing an aggressive act against an opponent to prevent a goal. The TPB was a strong predictor of intentions (R2s= .80 and .64). The addition of descriptive norms increased the amount of variance explained in both studies. Little evidence was found to support the moderating role of group identification on TPB-intention relations. The discussion focuses on the distinction between attitudinal and behavioral descriptive norms, the group as an external facilitating control factor, and the impact of individuals’ self- and social identities.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of supervisory support at two organizational levels in the relationship between the work stressor of interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment in a military sample was examined using a stressor-strain framework.
Abstract: Using a stressor-strain framework, this research examined the role of supervisory support at 2 organizational levels in the relationship between the work stressor of interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment in a military sample. In all analyses, supervisory support at both levels was conceptualized and modeled as a shared group attribute. Results indicated that perceptions of interpersonal conflict within the organization were related negatively to both affective and continuance commitment. Support from both first-line supervisors and midlevel managers was related to employees’ affective commitment. First-line supervisor support was related also to employees’ continuance commitment. Furthermore, midlevel management support attenuated the relationship between interpersonal conflict and continuance commitment. Implications for the assessment of different levels of supervisory support, different variants of organizational commitment, and interpersonal conflict are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a motivational model was proposed to explain the relationship between school-leisure conflict and indicators of educational functioning and mental health using structural equation modeling with a sample of college students.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to test a motivational model that explains the relationship between school-leisure conflict and indicators of educational functioning and mental health using structural equation modeling with a sample of college students. Results provided support for the proposed model. Experiencing a conflict between education and leisure contexts was negatively predicted by having a self-determined motivation for school, while self-determined motivation for leisure activities was unrelated to the experience of such a conflict. A school-leisure conflict, in turn, was associated with poorer academic consequences (poor concentration at school, academic hopelessness, few intentions of pursuing in school), which were associated with higher levels of depression and low life satisfaction. Importantly, the proposed theoretical model was supported for both men and women. Results are discussed in terms of self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1991, 2000) and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Vallerand, 1997).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted three laboratory-based simulation studies testing the overall effectiveness of denials in reducing belief and anxiety associated with an e-mail virus rumor under the framework of the elaboration likelihood model, and tested the effects of denial message quality and source credibility, and the moderating effects of personal relevance.
Abstract: Denial is a commonly used strategy to rebut a false rumor. However, there is a dearth of empirical research on the effectiveness of denials in combating rumors. Treating denials as persuasive messages, we conducted 3 laboratory-based simulation studies testing the overall effectiveness of denials in reducing belief and anxiety associated with an e-mail virus rumor. Under the framework of the elaboration likelihood model, we also tested the effects of denial message quality and source credibility, and the moderating effects of personal relevance. Overall, the results provided some support for the effectiveness of denials with strong arguments and an anxiety-alleviating tone in reducing rumor-related belief and anxiety. The effects of denial wording and source credibility were visible for participants who perceived high personal relevance of the topic. Limitations of the current research and future research directions are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of acknowledgment timing on hiring-related outcomes and found that applicants who did not acknowledge or who acknowledged at the end of the interview were perceived less favorably than those who disclosed earlier in the interview.
Abstract: The current research investigates acknowledgments that physically disabled individuals make in an interview setting, and examines whether the timing of an acknowledgment makes a difference to the impressions that evaluators form. A total of 137 participants watched an interview of a disabled applicant who (a) made no acknowledgment about the disability; or who acknowledged the disability at the (b) beginning, (c) middle, or (d) end of a job interview. Applicants who did not acknowledge or who acknowledged at the end of the interview were perceived less favorably than were those who disclosed earlier in the interview. Furthermore, participants’ perceptions of the applicant’s psychological wellbeing mediated the effect of acknowledgment timing on hiring-related outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of self-presentational strategies that physically disabled individuals might adopt and the importance of establishing one’s psychological well-being early in the impression-formation process. Today’s workforce is changing dramatically (Hitt, 2000; Kate, 1998), with an increasing number of physically disabled individuals applying for jobs and attempting to gain entry into the workforce. Of the up to 53 to 54 million U.S. citizens who are disabled, approximately 80% report being unsuccessful at finding employment (Rubin, 1997). Disability-related stereotypes (assumptions that the disabled individual is unhappy, poorly adjusted, incapable, or overly dependent) are still prevalent (Colella, 1994; Heatherton, Kleck, Hebl, & Hull, 2000; Hebl & Kleck, 2000; Siller, 1986) and may provide one of the central reasons why physically disabled individuals continue to have trouble gaining opportunities and experiences in the workplace (Hernandez, Keys, Balcazar, & Drum, 1998). Although it is likely that such stereotypes affect the entire job cycle, they may be most restrictive in the initial stages (e.g., pre-employment interviews) in which stereotypes may influence whether or not disabled individuals are even allowed follow-up interviews and organizational entry (e.g., Allport, 1954; Erdley & D’Agostino, 1988). One strategy applicants with physical disabilities might adopt to increase their likelihood of being hired involves a straightforward acknowledgment of
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of subtle and blatant prejudice and the enforcement of workforce homogeneity on employment discrimination in an experimental simulation and found that participants who were advised to maintain a homogeneous workforce, as hypothesized, selected fewer foreign applicants for a job interview than did participants who did not receive this advice.
Abstract: We examined the effects of subtle and blatant prejudice and the enforcement of workforce homogeneity on employment discrimination in an experimental simulation. German participants who were advised to maintain a homogeneous (i.e., German) workforce, as hypothesized, selected fewer foreign applicants for a job interview than did participants who did not receive this advice. An interaction qualified this main effect, such that subtly prejudiced participants reacted to the advice to maintain a homogeneous workforce, but blatantly prejudiced and nonprejudiced individuals did not. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed. Discrimination against minorities is a persistent problem in the workplace. In Europe, a survey of the 100 largest corporations showed that very few had minority employees in senior positions, and none had a chief executive officer who was a member of a minority (Foroohar, 2002). In the United States, African Americans made up only 6.5% of corporate management ranks in 2001 (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [EEOC], 2003), although they constituted 14% of the labor force. Scientists have long studied employment discrimination, but researchers (Brief, Dietz, Cohen, Pugh, & Vaslow, 2000) have only recently begun to examine subtle prejudice, a new prejudice variant, as an antecedent of employment discrimination (Brief, 1998; cf. Wagner, van Dick, & Zick, 2001). The purpose of our study is to examine the effects of subtle and blatant prejudice on employment discrimination in varying organizational contexts: when forces encouraging
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the influence of injury representations on emotions and outcomes of athletes with sports-related musculoskeletal injuries using self-regulation theory and found that participants self-reported their cognitive and emotional injury representations, emotions coping procedures, physical and sports functioning, attendance at treatment centers, and 3-week follow-up attendance.
Abstract: This study examined the influence of injury representations on emotions and outcomes of athletes with sports-related musculoskeletal injuries using self-regulation theory. Participants were athletes (N= 220; M age = 23.44 years, SD= 8.42) with a current sports-related musculoskeletal injury. Participants self-reported their cognitive and emotional injury representations, emotions coping procedures, physical and sports functioning, attendance at treatment centers, and 3-week follow-up attendance. Participants’ negative and positive affect were influenced by emotional representations. Identity, causal attributions, and emotional representations influenced physical functioning; and identity, serious consequences, causal attributions, and emotional representations predicted sports functioning. Injury severity, identity, and personal control predicted attendance at treatment centers, but the effect of personal control was mediated by problem-focused coping. Problem-focused coping predicted 3-week follow-up attendance. Results support self-regulation theory for examining injury representations in athletes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of interview style and victim age on perceptions of child victim/witnesses and defendant guilt were investigated in a child sexual abuse trial, and the results showed that women compared to men were more likely to convict the defendant and to believe the child.
Abstract: The present study concerned effects of interview style and victim age on perceptions of child victim/witnesses and defendant guilt. In 2 experiments, participants read written scenarios of child sexual abuse trials. The scenarios included a transcript of the child victim/ witness's forensic interview, in which questioning varied from less leading to highly leading. In Experiment 1, child age (4 years vs. 7 years) did not significantly influence guilt ratings, but mock jurors were less likely to convict the alleged perpetrator and less likely to rate the child as credible and reliable when testimony was elicited through a highly leading vs. an intermediately or less leading interview. The effect of interview style on guilt ratings replicated in Experiment 2 for a 4-year-old victim/witness but not a 7-year-old victim/witness. In both studies, women compared to men were more likely to convict the defendant and to believe the child. Implications for understanding jurors’ reactions to child victim/witness testimony are discussed.