Showing papers in "Mechanisms of Ageing and Development in 2004"

TL;DR: The most direct test of the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging is to specifically alter the age-related increase in oxidative damage and determine how this alteration affects life span.

TL;DR: This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying GR inhibition of inflammatory responses, with an emphasis on repression of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and their respective signaling pathways.

TL;DR: This review discusses replicative senescence in the light of current information on signal transduction and mitogenesis, cell stress, apoptosis, telomere changes and finally replicativesenescence as a model of aging in vivo.

TL;DR: The relationships between oral health status and food's choice is explored and the potential consequences for the individual of such dietary change are discussed.

TL;DR: Data suggest that exogenously supplied CoQ(10) can play a significant anti-aging function and may do so either by acting as an antioxidant to dismutate the free radical superoxide anion or by reducing the uncoupling of reactions during election transport that could otherwise result in superoxideAnion production.

TL;DR: Support is provided for the free radical theory of aging as an at least partial explanation for the extreme longevity of bats and similar results are found for birds.

TL;DR: It is shown via simulation that conditional t-test (CTT), a method that is sometimes used, is invalid and a new method based on quantile regression is offered and it is shown that this method is, at worst, conservative and remains powerful and valid.

TL;DR: The role of heat shock expression on aging-induced changes in mitochondrial and antioxidant redox status and a significant positive correlation between decrease in GSH and increase in Hsp72 was observed in all brain regions examined during aging.

TL;DR: These in vivo models are utilized to elucidate the role of various flavonoids, such as quercetin, for modulating gene expression related to oxidative stress and the antioxidant defence system.

TL;DR: Although the shape gradually changed, the frailty index was well fitted by a gamma distribution, and the variation coefficient, initially high, decreased from middle age on.

TL;DR: Evidence is presented that replicatively senescent fibroblasts are resistant to apoptotic death, associated with a lack of key enzyme activities, caspase-3 being the chief executioner, suggesting that the molecular signaling program present in fibroblast at the end of their in vitro life span may not only cater to the state of permanent exit from cell cycle traverse, but also dictate an inability to commit cellular suicide.

TL;DR: A novel small molecule, thymosin beta(4), is identified that promotes angiogenesis and wound repair in both normal and aged rodents and also promotes hair growth in normal and ages rodents.

TL;DR: It is concluded that mitochondrial changes in lifespan appear to be mediated primarily by changes in oxidative damage rather than byChanges in rates of oxidative phosphorylation, and the effects of mitochondrial changes on anesthetic sensitivity appear to been mediated by both altered respiration and oxidative damage.

TL;DR: The data indicate that aging is characterized by a stochastic accumulation of molecular damage and a progressive failure of maintenance and repair, and the genes involved in homeodynamic pathways are the most likely candidate virtual gerontogenes.

TL;DR: It is suggested that paradoxical outcomes follow the decrease of insulin and/or IGF-1 signal pathway in invertebrates and in mammals, prolonging life in the former and shortening it in the latter.

TL;DR: It is suggested that age-associated changes in CD8+ T cell subsets occur, which could be a potential explanation for altered CD8- T cell function in the elderly.

TL;DR: The current understanding of PR physiology and the molecular basis of coactivator function in PR signaling events are discussed and important mechanisms involving multiple layers of regulation in PR-mediated transcription are revealed.

TL;DR: Life span was found to be increased in proportion to the increase in MnSOD enzyme activity, with increases of up to 40% in mean and maximum life span, however the increases in enzyme activity and life span conferred per transgene were reduced when more than one transgree was present at the same time.

TL;DR: Current knowledge of how intestinal innervation is affected during normal ageing and how these changes may impact upon gastrointestinal physiology are reviewed.

TL;DR: The in vitro profile of glutamate uptake during development and ageing, and its sensitivity to guanosine is described; in all structures, glutamate uptake was higher in immature animals, while in cortex there was a significant decrease in rats aged 60 days old.

TL;DR: The potential for NADPH-dependent induction of NF-kappaB is demonstrated and the possibility of a role for this pathway in the biology of aging is raised and a biphasic pattern of gp91(phox) expression in rat liver during aging is found.

TL;DR: Peritoneal Mphis from aged mice have an intrinsic defect in Jak-STAT signaling which prevents them from fully responding to IFN-gamma, which may explain why classical Mphi responses like reactive nitrogen and oxygen species generation, tumor killing and microbicidal activity are lower in M Memphis from aged subjects.

TL;DR: The role of small intestinal hormones and gastrointestinal motor function in the observed changes to appetite and food intake in older people is examined.

TL;DR: It is concluded that for male rats of the Brown-Norway strain, and mitochondria from liver old (but not mature) age is associated with an increased membrane PI and protein oxidative damage and CR does not lead to a general reversion in age-related protein damage, but it does prevent the age-induced increase in PI very late in life.

TL;DR: The higher life-long H( 2)O(2) release observed in tibialis anterior is consistent with the known sensitivity of glycolytic muscles to sarcopenia, suggesting an increase in cytosolic ROS production.

TL;DR: Current evidence suggests that testosterone replacement may be effective in reversing age-dependent body composition changes and associated morbidity, however, hypogonadism must be diagnosed carefully, and therapy should be monitored regularly in order to avoid the adverse effects associated with testosterone supplementation.

TL;DR: The hypothesis discussed here is that a major component of aging in metazoans is oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, consistent with the fact that all of the thus far identified premature aging syndromes in mammals involve mutations in nuclear proteins.

TL;DR: Three novel auxiliary factors are described--the proteins I-HSF [HSF inhibitor] and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1alpha) and a large non-coding RNA (HSR)--that participate in regulation and activation of HSF-1 in early stages of heat shock gene transcription.

TL;DR: The evidence of reduced sizes of Peyer's patches through aging suggests that age-associated mucosal dysregulation may be the result of mucosal inductive tissue dysfunction, and the frequencies of naive CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in Peyers patches of aged mice were reduced and this led to a lack of essential cytokine synthesis for the induction of either S-IgA immunity or oral tolerance.

TL;DR: This paper reviews what is currently known about intrinsic ageing of gut epithelial stem cells and its functional consequences and suggests that these stem cells suffer important functional impairments during the course of ageing.