Showing papers in "Progress in Neurobiology in 2013"

TL;DR: A review of fundamental brain development processes that occur in both rodents and humans to delineate a comparable time course of postnatal brain development across species offers guidelines for researchers when considering the most appropriate rodent age for the developmental stage or process of interest to approximate human brain development.

TL;DR: This review will review the current models of behavioral inhibition along with their expression via underlying brain regions, including those involved in the activation of the brain's emergency 'brake' operation, those engaged in more controlled and sustained inhibitory processes and other ancillary executive functions.

TL;DR: An outline of mitochondrial functions that are affected in the pathogenesis of sporadic and familial PD are given and insights that might be valuable for focused future research to exploit possible mitochondrial targets for neuroprotective interventions in PD are provided.

TL;DR: It is concluded that glucose metabolism abnormality plays a critical role in AD pathophysiological alterations through the induction of multiple pathogenic factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and so forth.

TL;DR: There is a need to summarize the current literature on phase II genes in the central nervous system (CNS) to help guide future studies on phase I, II and III genes as therapeutic targets in neurological diseases.

TL;DR: It is argued that in order to understand neocortical function one needs to combine a microscopic view, elucidating the workings of the local columnar microcircuits, with a macroscopic view, which keeps track of the linkage of distant cortical modules in different behavioral contexts.

TL;DR: The UPS and autophagy-mediated tau clearance mechanisms are reviewed and the biochemical connections between these two processes are outlined and pharmacological methods that target these degradation systems for the treatment and prevention of AD are discussed.

TL;DR: The function of BeClin 1 interactome in autophagy and phagocytosis is introduced, the recent evidence indicating that Beclin 1 regulates autophagic and APP processing in AD is reviewed, and the potential mechanisms through which BeclIn 1 dysfunction could be involved in the pathogenesis of AD are examined.

TL;DR: The present review summarizes the current knowledge about the polyglutamine ataxias SCA1,SCA2, SCA3, SCa6 and SCA7 and compares their clinical and electrophysiological features, genetic and molecular biological background, as well as their brain pathologies.

TL;DR: Novel studies confirm the involvement of peripheral de Afferentation for tinnitus and hyperacusis, but suggest that the disorder results from different brain responses to different degrees of deafferentation: while tinnitis may arise as a failure of the brain to adapt to deprived peripheral input, hyperacusIS may result from an 'over-adaptive' increase in response gain.

TL;DR: The role of these chemokines in cellular communication may make it possible to identify new pathways of neuron-neuron, glia- glia or neuron-glia communications relevant to both normal brain function and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases; to develop new therapeutic approaches for currently untreatable brain diseases.

TL;DR: The multiple signaling pathways underlying each of the three main morphological types of cell death--apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necrosis--are reviewed,phasizing their importance in the neuronal death that occurs during cerebral ischemia and hypoxia-ischemia, and the interactions between the different mechanisms are analyzed.

TL;DR: The caregiver perspective in dementia is reviewed and the question what the consequences are of promoting earlier dementia diagnosis is addressed and the urgent need for more research on early caregiver interventions that enhance role adaptation and that include long-term follow-up and cost-effectiveness evaluation is stressed.

TL;DR: The author will discuss the potential link between sigma-1 receptors and BDNF-TrkB pathway in the pathophysiology of these two diseases, and make a case for potent s Sigma-1 receptor agonists and TrkB agonists as new potential therapeutic drugs for depressive patients with CVD.

TL;DR: The results suggest that prefrontal networks may begin in a random state relative to the task and initially rely on modified readout for task performance, with further training, however, more tuned neurons with less time-varying responses should emerge as the networks become more structured.

TL;DR: It is suggested that interventions aimed at restoring the balance between the reward and anti-reward networks in patients with chronic pain may help decreasing their suicide risk.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a sensory stimulus engages multiple areas of the cerebral cortex, including primary sensory, prefrontal, premotor and motor cortices, and how somatosensory areas on the parietal lobe generate a parameterized representation of a tactile stimulus is shown.

TL;DR: Recent literature supporting the emerging view that the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei may contribute to learning, memory consolidation and behavioral flexibility, in addition to general behavior and aspects of metabolism is summarized.

TL;DR: Examples of this phenomenon are described, including 'feeling pain' in the absence of a painful stimulus, reporting minimal pain in the setting of major trauma, having an 'analgesic' response in the presence of an active treatment, or reporting no pain relief after administration of a potent analgesic medication, which may provide critical insights into the role that salience circuits play in contributing to numerous conditions characterized by persistent pain.

TL;DR: The attractor network models show how decision confidence is an emergent property; and make testable predictions about the neural processes involved in decision-making which indicate that the medial prefrontal cortex is involved in reward value-based decision- making.

TL;DR: The currently known or suggested actions of M MP-2 and MMP-9 in the developing and adult nervous system and their potential to improve repair or regeneration after nervous system injury are highlighted.

TL;DR: Current evidence on how [Ca(2+)]i dynamics influence BBB permeability is reviewed and the effect of Ca(2+) oscillations/waves on BBB function is largely unknown.

TL;DR: What has been learned about cortical function from behavioral studies using microstimulation in animals and humans is reviewed to suggest that the adult brain retains enough plasticity to learn to process novel patterns of neuronal activity arising anywhere in cortex.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors found evidence for a sexual role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, vasopressin, angiotensin II, hypocretins/orexins and VGF-derived peptides.

TL;DR: It is proposed that Bergmann glia exerts a crucial scaffolding activity that, together with the organizing function of Purkinje cells, is necessary to achieve the normal pattern of foliation and layering of the cerebellar cortex.

TL;DR: How, following neural tube closure, the most dorsal aspect of the tube becomes a signalling centre for BMPs, which directs the pattern of the development of the dorsal spinal cord, through the action of Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 is described.

TL;DR: It is argued that rats can switch between two modes of operation of the whisker sensory system: generative mode and receptive mode, and hypotheses for mechanisms through which "downstream" brain regions may read out the activity of sensory cortex in order to extract the significance of sensory stimuli and, ultimately, to select the appropriate action.

TL;DR: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurement in neurodegenerative diseases and the importance of these "patient reported outcomes" for all clinical research are discussed.

TL;DR: Growing evidence suggests that blood protein signatures are helpful to increase the likelihood of successful diagnosis of AD and this area of research promises to yield exciting results in the next future.

TL;DR: This review elaborate on spinal pain amplification mechanisms in relation to pain chronification and the impact of vulnerability factors hereon, and provides an integrated overview of mechanism-based treatment approaches in prevention of chronic postoperative pain.