Showing papers in "Trends in Immunology in 2020"

TL;DR: Advances in the research and development of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) for the prevention and treatment of infection by SARS-CoV-2 and other human CoVs are discussed.

TL;DR: Advances in animal models that are important for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development, and therapeutic testing are presented and comparisons are made from studies with SARS to provide further perspectives on COVID-19 and draw inferences for future investigations.

TL;DR: This review discusses the goal of differentiating reactive astrocyte subtypes and states based on composite pictures of molecular expression, cell morphology, cellular interactions, proliferative state, normal functions, and disease-induced dysfunctions.

TL;DR: An overview of the role ofAstrocytes in CNS inflammation is provided, highlighting recent discoveries on astrocyte subsets and the mechanisms that control them.

TL;DR: A viewpoint on recent advances of 3D in vitro tumor immunotherapy models is presented, and translational applications of tumor organoids for immuno-oncology research, immunotherapy modeling, and precision medicine are proposed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that rather than fighting inflammation, it should be allowed to operate and resolve, thus allowing for tissue recovery, and blunting the inflammatory phase can be detrimental for muscle regeneration.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the present understanding of innate immune responses, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion during SARS-CoV, MERS- CoV, and SARS -CoV-2 infection.

TL;DR: How to bridge transcriptional states to specific functions so the authors can develop therapies to mediate negative effects of altered microglia-astrocyte interactions is discussed.

TL;DR: A comprehensive up-to-date view of potential epigenetic biomarkers in immunotherapy is presented and their advantages over other indicators are discussed.

TL;DR: It is posited that sialoglycans and Siglecs present as potential glyco-immune 'checkpoints' for cancer immunotherapy.

TL;DR: It is concluded that pharmacological CSF1R inhibitors afford the most extensive versatility in manipulating microglia, making them ideal candidates for future studies investigating microglial function in health and disease.

TL;DR: New insights are examined into how CRAC channels control T cell-mediated immunity and studies in mice lacking Stim and Orai genes have illuminated many cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these molecules control lymphocyte function.

TL;DR: This work describes genomic targeting of AID as a multilayered process involving chromatin architecture, cis and trans-acting factors, and determining mutagenesis -- distinct from AID occupancy at loci that are spared from mutation.

TL;DR: This review proposes ways of adopting antibody-based strategies -- such as cocktail antibody therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2-- to overcome the possible resistance of currently identified mutations, and to mitigate possible antibody-dependent enhancement pathologies.

TL;DR: Current knowledge of ILC phenotypes in various tissues in mice and humans is summarized, aiming to clarify ILC immunity in distinct anatomical locations.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the impact of CNS-resident cells of the innate immune system for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, review immune pathway genes that have been identified, and discuss the vicious cycle between inflammation and Neurodegeneration.

TL;DR: Immune signatures measured at baseline and immediately prior to vaccination, may predict the immune response to vaccination and have the potential to transform vaccination strategies and usher in a new approach to improve global health.

TL;DR: An overview of how effects might be achieved by combining immunotherapy with conventional and/or new small-molecule chemotherapeutics with substantially improve efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is provided.

TL;DR: This review seeks to provide a contemporary analysis of mechanisms of neutrophil death and indicates that pathways ending with cell membrane rupture may incite deleterious proinflammatory responses, which can exacerbate local tissue injury, lead to chronic inflammation, or precipitate autoimmunity.

TL;DR: An overview of current knowledge of antifungal T cell immune responses is presented, with emphasis on the role of C-type lectins, and how these receptors modulate these responses at different levels are discussed.

TL;DR: It is theorized that the mechanisms involved in developing these cells could be mediated, in part, through epigenetic programs and the potential therapeutic implications of inducing and/or utilizing such hybrid cells clinically.

TL;DR: A unified view of these emerging DC populations is presented, and the features that define bona fide DC lineages are assessed, as opposed to cell states of the same lineage.

TL;DR: This work has demonstrated that cell death may drive some of the inflammatory conditions caused by A20 deficiency, and these findings shed new light on A20 biology.

TL;DR: Preclinical and clinical evidence is summarized that illustrates how the inhibition of TGF-β signaling and the use of oncolytic viruses can increase the efficacy of immunotherapy, and the promise and challenges of combining these approaches with immune checkpoint blockade are discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review topical findings in organismal metabolism and infection and highlight four emerging lines of investigation: how host-microbiota metabolic partnerships protect against infection; competition for glucose between host and pathogen; significance of infection-induced anorexia; and redefinition of the role of iron during infection.

TL;DR: It is proposed that dysfunction of mTOR, Rac1, and autophagy-related pathways not only hampers pathogen or nonorganic particle clearance but also participates in T cell and macrophage dysfunction, driving granuloma formation.

TL;DR: Recent observations made by employing transgenic approaches to silence microglial TGFβ signaling in mice revealed that T GFβ1 and TGF β signaling are indispensable for microglia maturation, adult microGlia homeostasis, and the control ofmicroglia activation in central nervous system pathologies.

TL;DR: It is proposed that Bhlhe40 is a central mediator of both inflammation and pathogen control, as well as a crucial regulator of a growing number of tissue-resident leukocyte populations.

TL;DR: It is posit that SPs are central chromatin regulators of gene silencing that establish immune cell identity and function and are therapeutic targets in cancer and inflammation.