A Long-Term Hydrologically Based Dataset of Land Surface Fluxes and States for the Conterminous United States*
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In this paper, the authors evaluate the land surface schemes in coupled models, including comparisons of model-predicted evapotranspiration with values derived from atmospheric water balances, comparison of model predicted energy and radiative fluxes with tower measurements during periods of intensive observations, and contrast of model predictions of soil moisture with spatial averages of point observations.Abstract:
A frequently encountered difficulty in assessing model-predicted land–atmosphere exchanges of moisture and energy is the absence of comprehensive observations to which model predictions can be compared at the spatial and temporal resolutions at which the models operate. Various methods have been used to evaluate the land surface schemes in coupled models, including comparisons of model-predicted evapotranspiration with values derived from atmospheric water balances, comparison of model-predicted energy and radiative fluxes with tower measurements during periods of intensive observations, comparison of model-predicted runoff with observed streamflow, and comparison of model predictions of soil moisture with spatial averages of point observations. While these approaches have provided useful model diagnostic information, the observation-based products used in the comparisons typically are inconsistent with the model variables with which they are compared—for example, observations are for points or a...read more
Citations
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The Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrology and Water Resources of the Colorado River Basin
Niklas S. Christensen,Andrew W. Wood,Nathalie Voisin,Dennis P. Lettenmaier,Richard N. Palmer +4 more
TL;DR: The potential effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River basin are assessed by comparing simulated hydrologic and water resource scenarios derived from downscaled climate simulations of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Center for Atmospheric Research Parallel Climate Model (PCM) to scenarios driven by observed historical (1950-1999) climate as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
The International Soil Moisture Network: a data hosting facility for global in situ soil moisture measurements
Wouter Dorigo,Wolfgang Wagner,R. Hohensinn,Sebastian Hahn,Christoph Paulik,Angelika Xaver,Alexander Gruber,Matthias Drusch,Susanne Mecklenburg,P. J. van Oevelen,Alan Robock,Thomas J. Jackson +11 more
TL;DR: The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) as discussed by the authors is a centralized data hosting facility where globally available in situ soil moisture measurements from operational networks and validation campaigns are collected, harmonized, and made available to users.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability
Kaicun Wang,Robert E. Dickinson +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey the basic theories, observational methods, satellite algorithms, and land surface models for terrestrial evapotranspiration, including a long-term variability and trends perspective.
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Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California
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TL;DR: It is found that annual temperature increases nearly double from the lower B1 to the higher A1fi emissions scenario before 2100, and three of four simulations also show greater increases in summer temperatures as compared with winter.
References
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The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project
Eugenia Kalnay,Masao Kanamitsu,Robert Kistler,William D. Collins,D.G. Deaven,L. S. Gandin,M. Iredell,Suranjana Saha,Glenn H. White,John S. Woollen,Yuejian Zhu,Muthuvel Chelliah,Wesley Ebisuzaki,Wayne Higgins,John E. Janowiak,Kingtse C. Mo,Chester F. Ropelewski,Julian X. L. Wang,Ants Leetmaa,Richard W. Reynolds,Roy L. Jenne,Dennis Joseph +21 more
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Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram
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Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs
Pingping Xie,Phillip A. Arkin +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors constructed a 2.5° latitude-longitude grid for the 17-yr period from 1979 to 1995 by merging several kinds of information sources with different characteristics, including gauge observations, estimates inferred from a variety of satellite observations, and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis.
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A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models
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