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A novel and ancient group of type I keratins with members in bichir, sturgeon and gar

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TLDR
The exclusive presence of this novel group of type I keratins with members in bichir, sturgeon and gar points to the close phylogenetic relationship of these ray- finned fish, an issue still under debate among taxonomists.
Abstract
1. Background Vertebrate epithelial cells typically express a specific set of keratins. In teleosts, keratins are also present in a variety of mesenchymal cells, which usually express vimentin. Significantly, our previous studies revealed that virtually all known teleost keratins evolved independently from those present in terrestrial vertebrates. To further elucidate the evolutionary scenario that led to the large variety of keratins and their complex expression patterns in present day teleosts, we have investigated their presence in bichir, sturgeon and gar.

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Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia

TL;DR: The concepts of keratins and of keratinized or cornified epithelia need clarification and revision concerning the structure and function of kerATins and keratin filaments in various epithelium of different species, as well as of Keratin genes and their modifications in view of recent research.
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Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application

TL;DR: This review discusses the various methods available for the dissolution and extraction of keratin with emphasis on their advantages and limitations, and reports the properties of various keratin-based biomaterials and critically examines how these materials are influenced by the keratin extraction procedure.
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Mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers reveal a Balkan origin for the highly invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

TL;DR: Findings suggest that European populations of C. ohridella may indeed derive from the southern Balkans, and high haplotype diversity and low measures of nucleotide diversities including a significantly negative Tajima’s D indicate that C. Ohridella has experienced rapid population expansion during its dispersal across Europe.
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Radiation and functional diversification of alpha keratins during early vertebrate evolution.

TL;DR: The authors' analyses reveal that all type I and type II tetrapod keratins evolved from only two genes that were present in the ancestor of extant vertebrates, and that the water-to-land transition in the stem lineage of tetrapods was associated with a major radiation and functional diversification of keratin genes.
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Proteomic response to sublethal cadmium exposure in a sentinel fish species, Cottus gobio.

TL;DR: Evaluating the toxicity of short-term cadmium exposure in the European bullhead Cottus gobio provides new insights into the biochemical and molecular events in Cd-induced toxicity in fish and suggests that further studies on the identified proteins could provide crucial information to better understand the mechanisms of Cdoxicity in fish.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

TL;DR: A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score.
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TL;DR: The recently‐developed statistical method known as the “bootstrap” can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies and shows significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
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TL;DR: ClUSTAL X is a new windows interface for the widely-used progressive multiple sequence alignment program CLUSTAL W, providing an integrated system for performing multiple sequence and profile alignments and analysing the results.
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TL;DR: The program MRBAYES performs Bayesian inference of phylogeny using a variant of Markov chain Monte Carlo, and an executable is available at http://brahms.rochester.edu/software.html.
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Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.

TL;DR: In this article, the rat pancreas RNA was used as a source for the purification of alpha-amylase messenger ribonucleic acid (RBA) using 2-mercaptoethanol.
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