A Review of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Multimodal Neuroimaging to Characterize Post-Stroke Neuroplasticity.
TLDR
A narrative review of data from studies utilizing DTI, MRS, fMRI, EEG, and brain stimulation techniques focusing on TMS and its combination with uni- and multimodal neuroimaging methods to assess recovery after stroke is provided.Abstract:
Following stroke, the brain undergoes various stages of recovery where the central nervous system can reorganize neural circuitry (neuroplasticity) both spontaneously and with the aid of behavioral rehabilitation and non-invasive brain stimulation. Multiple neuroimaging techniques can characterize common structural and functional stroke-related deficits, and importantly, help predict recovery of function. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) typically reveals increased overall diffusivity throughout the brain following stroke, and is capable of indexing the extent of white matter damage. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides an index of metabolic changes in surviving neural tissue after stroke, serving as a marker of brain function. The neural correlates of altered brain activity after stroke have been demonstrated by abnormal activation of sensorimotor cortices during task performance, and at rest, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to characterize motor dysfunction in terms of increased cortical amplitude in the sensorimotor regions when performing upper limb movement, indicating abnormally increased cognitive effort and planning in individuals with stroke. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) work reveals changes in ipsilesional and contralesional cortical excitability in the sensorimotor cortices. The severity of motor deficits indexed using TMS has been linked to the magnitude of activity imbalance between the sensorimotor cortices. In this paper, we will provide a narrative review of data from studies utilizing DTI, MRS, fMRI, EEG, and brain stimulation techniques focusing on TMS and its combination with uni- and multimodal neuroimaging methods to assess recovery after stroke. Approaches that delineate the best measures with which to predict or positively alter outcomes will be highlighted.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
TL;DR: NMR and EPR Spectroscopy papers presented at Varian's Third Annual Workshop on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, held at Palo Alto, California as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Upper Limb Outcome Measures Used in Stroke Rehabilitation Studies: A Systematic Literature Review
Leire Santisteban,Maxime Térémetz,Jean-Pierre Bleton,Jean-Claude Baron,Marc A. Maier,Marc A. Maier,Påvel G. Lindberg,Påvel G. Lindberg +7 more
TL;DR: The results showed a large diversity of outcome measures used across studies, and illustrated the need for strategies to build international consensus on appropriate outcome measures for upper limb function after stroke.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurogenesis in Stroke Recovery
Seong-Ho Koh,Hyun-Hee Park +1 more
TL;DR: This review addresses the pathophysiology of stroke, neurogenesis after stroke, and how to stimulate these processes based on the current literature to develop new therapeutic strategies designed to improve neurological functions after ischemic stroke.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Activation of the Mirror Neuron System during Action Observation and Action Execution with Mirror Visual Feedback in Stroke: A Systematic Review.
TL;DR: MVF may contribute to stroke recovery by revising the interhemispheric imbalance caused by stroke due to the activation of the M NS and promote motor relearning in stroke individuals by activating the MNS and motor cortex.
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