Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.Abstract:
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in pairs produce two toxic actions. Injection of PA with LF causes death of rats in 60 min, whereas PA with EF causes edema in the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action of these proteins have not been determined. It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form. Activation occurs upon contact with a heat-stable eukaryotic cell material. The specific activity of the resulting adenylate cyclase nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to PA and EF, cAMP concentrations increase without a lag to values about 200-fold above normal, remain high in the continued presence of toxin, and decrease rapidly after its removal. The increase in cAMP is completely blocked by excess LF. It is suggested that PA interacts with cells to form a receptor system by which EF and perhaps LF gain access to the cytoplasm.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
An unusual variant of lichen nitidus.
TL;DR: A 48-year-old Iranian farm worker man with a 6-day history of malaise, chills and high fever was referred to the emergency department of St Zahra Hospital in Isfahan with an ulcerated plaque, believed to be the first case report of cutaneous anthrax resulting in a facial nerve palsy.
Patent
Modified microbial toxin receptor for delivering agents into cells
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described a targeted cell therapy with a protein toxin, such as anthrax toxin, that has been modified to re-direct it to a desired cell target instead of its natural cell target.
Journal ArticleDOI
cAMP Compartmentalization in Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Alzheimer's Disease.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review compiles current knowledge on the influence of cyclic AMP compartmentalization on the endothelial barrier and, more specifically, on the BBB, laying the foundation for a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Distinct Spatiotemporal Distribution of Bacterial Toxin-Produced Cellular cAMP Differentially Inhibits Opsonophagocytic Signaling.
TL;DR: Differences in spatiotemporal distribution of cAMP produced by the two adenylyl cyclase toxins differentially affect the opsonophagocytic signaling in myeloid phagocytes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insilico studies on anthrax lethal factor inhibitors: Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening approaches towards designing of novel inhibitors for a killer
Jyoti Roy,Uday Chandra Kumar,Pavan Kumar Machiraju,Ravi Kumar Muttineni,Suneel Kumar B.V.S,Rambabu Gundla,Raveendra Dayam,Jagarlapudi A. R. P. Sarma +7 more
TL;DR: This study has performed pharmacophore modeling and docking studies to identify a novel small molecule inhibitor to target the Anthrax LF and resulted in 120 structurally diverse hits.
References
More filters
Journal Article
Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
Journal Article
Radioimmunoassay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP.
Journal ArticleDOI
Restoration of Several Morphological Characteristics of Normal Fibroblasts in Sarcoma Cells Treated with Adenosine-3':5'-Cyclic Monophosphate and Its Derivatives
TL;DR: The data suggest that cyclic AMP may be an important factor in the determination of morphology of normal fibroblasts and this function may be lost or altered during transformation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen.
TL;DR: An attempt is made to evaluate the mechanism of action of NAD Glycohydrolase and ADP-Ribosyltransferase on GTP-Binding Protein and GTPase Activity in response to the presence of Gangliosides and Their Oligosaccharides in Choleragen.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Permeability Factor (Toxin) found in Cholera Stools and Culture Filtrates and its Neutralization by Convalescent Cholera Sera.
TL;DR: A Permeability Factor (Toxin) found in Cholera Stools and Culture Filtrates and its Neutralization by Convalescent CholERA Sera is found to be neutralized by convalescent cholera patients.