Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
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It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.Abstract:
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in pairs produce two toxic actions. Injection of PA with LF causes death of rats in 60 min, whereas PA with EF causes edema in the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action of these proteins have not been determined. It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form. Activation occurs upon contact with a heat-stable eukaryotic cell material. The specific activity of the resulting adenylate cyclase nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to PA and EF, cAMP concentrations increase without a lag to values about 200-fold above normal, remain high in the continued presence of toxin, and decrease rapidly after its removal. The increase in cAMP is completely blocked by excess LF. It is suggested that PA interacts with cells to form a receptor system by which EF and perhaps LF gain access to the cytoplasm.read more
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Bacillus anthracis edema toxin inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction via edema factor and cAMP-mediated mechanisms in isolated perfused rat lungs.
Xizhong Cui,Jeffrey Wang,Yan Li,Zoe G. Couse,Thomas F. Risoleo,Mahtab Moayeri,Stephen H. Leppla,Daniela Malide,Zu-Xi Yu,Peter Q. Eichacker +9 more
TL;DR: In lungs isolated from rats after 15h of in vivo infusions with either diluent, ET alone or ET with PA-mAb, the maximal Ppa during hypoxia and the slope of the relationship between change in Ppa and ET-1 concentration added to the perfusate were reduced in lungs from animals challenged with ET.
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Development of an in vitro potency assay for anti-anthrax lethal toxin neutralizing antibodies.
TL;DR: An in vitro assay based on human endothelial cell line HUVEC jr2, which measures the TN activity of therapeutic anti-LT mAbs using IL-8 as a marker for intoxication, and provides a valid alternative to the mouse macrophage assay.
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Non-GM1 Ganglioside-Targeting Bacterial Toxins and Derivatives with Mucosal Adjuvant Activity
Alexandra Duverger,Ryoki Kobayashi,Tatsuya Fukuiwa,K Fujihashi,Daniel Tomé,Kohtaro Fujihashi,Jerry R. McGhee,Prosper N. Boyaka +7 more
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A Robust and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Assay for the Enzymatic Activity of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclase Toxins
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