Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
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It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.Abstract:
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in pairs produce two toxic actions. Injection of PA with LF causes death of rats in 60 min, whereas PA with EF causes edema in the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action of these proteins have not been determined. It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form. Activation occurs upon contact with a heat-stable eukaryotic cell material. The specific activity of the resulting adenylate cyclase nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to PA and EF, cAMP concentrations increase without a lag to values about 200-fold above normal, remain high in the continued presence of toxin, and decrease rapidly after its removal. The increase in cAMP is completely blocked by excess LF. It is suggested that PA interacts with cells to form a receptor system by which EF and perhaps LF gain access to the cytoplasm.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Very Early Blood Diffusion of the Active Lethal and Edema Factors of Bacillus anthracis After Intranasal Infection.
TL;DR: In this inhalational model, toxins have disseminated rapidly in the blood, playing a significant and novel role in the early systemic diffusion of bacteria, demonstrating that they may represent a very early target for the diagnosis and the treatment of anthrax.
Journal ArticleDOI
Polylysine-mediated translocation of the diphtheria toxin catalytic domain through the anthrax protective antigen pore.
Onkar Sharma,R. John Collier +1 more
TL;DR: These studies with polycationic tracts fused to the N- and C-termini of DTA suggest that PA-mediated translocation can occur not only in the N to C direction but also in the C to N direction.
Patent
Inhibitors of lethal factor protease
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide compounds that can efficiently and specifically inhibit bacterial toxins, such as inhibit the lethal factor (LF) protease activity of anthrax toxin and/or botulinum neurotoxin type A.
Dissertation
Identification of structural and antigenic components of Bacillus anthracis spores and their application to rapid detection using biosensors.
TL;DR: Near real time specific detection of B. anthracis spores was demonstrated through the use of a known protein target through the development of a one step competitive panning strategy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Inhibits Efferocytosis in Human Macrophages and Alters Efferocytic Receptor Signaling
Zijian Pan,Eric K. Dumas,Eric K. Dumas,Christina Lawrence,Lance Pate,Sherri Longobardi,Xiaodong Wang,Judith A. James,Judith A. James,Susan Kovats,Susan Kovats,A. Darise Farris,A. Darise Farris +12 more
TL;DR: Results show that ET impairs macrophage efferocytosis and alters effercytic receptor signaling.
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