Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.Abstract:
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in pairs produce two toxic actions. Injection of PA with LF causes death of rats in 60 min, whereas PA with EF causes edema in the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action of these proteins have not been determined. It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form. Activation occurs upon contact with a heat-stable eukaryotic cell material. The specific activity of the resulting adenylate cyclase nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to PA and EF, cAMP concentrations increase without a lag to values about 200-fold above normal, remain high in the continued presence of toxin, and decrease rapidly after its removal. The increase in cAMP is completely blocked by excess LF. It is suggested that PA interacts with cells to form a receptor system by which EF and perhaps LF gain access to the cytoplasm.read more
Citations
More filters
Mouse monoclonal antibodies to anthrax edema factor protect against
Clinton E. Leysath,Kuang-Hua Chen,Mahtab Moayeri,Devorah Crown,Rasem J. Fattah,Zhaochun Chen,Suman R. Das,Robert H. Purcell,Stephen H. Leppla +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, anti-EF monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were produced following immunization of mice, and four of the antibodies were fully characterized; they were able to detect purified edema factor in Western blot analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
A monoclonal antibody directed against the catalytic site of Bacillus anthracis adenylyl cyclase identifies a novel mammalian brain catalytic subunit.
Catherine Orlando,Jacques D'Alayer,Gilbert Baillat,Francis Castets,Odile Jeannequin,Jean Claude Mazie,Ariane Monneron +6 more
TL;DR: A brain adenylyl cyclase was shown to contain an epitope closely related to that specified by a conserved sequence containing a nucleotide-binding consensus sequence GXXXXGKS and located in the catalytic sites of bacterial, calmodulin-dependent adenyll cyclases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Guanidinylated 2,5-dideoxystreptamine derivatives as anthrax lethal factor inhibitors
TL;DR: A series of guanidinylated 2,5-dideoxystreptamine derivatives were designed and synthesized as inhibitors of lethal factor, some of which show strong inhibitory activity against lethal factor in an in vitro FRET assay.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax protective antigen administered by DNA vaccination to distinct subcellular locations potentiates humoral and cellular immune responses.
TL;DR: Examination of IgG subclass distribution arising as a result of DNA vaccination indicated a higher IgG1:IgG2a ratio whenever the groups were immunized with chimeras bearing TPA, LAMP1 signals alone or when combined together.
Journal ArticleDOI
Animal Models for the Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention of Infection by Bacillus anthracis
TL;DR: The characteristics of the major animal models utilized for studies on Bacillus anthracis are reviewed and their contributions to understanding the pathogenesis and host responses to anthrax and its treatment and prevention are highlighted.
References
More filters
Journal Article
Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent
TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
Journal Article
Radioimmunoassay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP.
Journal ArticleDOI
Restoration of Several Morphological Characteristics of Normal Fibroblasts in Sarcoma Cells Treated with Adenosine-3':5'-Cyclic Monophosphate and Its Derivatives
TL;DR: The data suggest that cyclic AMP may be an important factor in the determination of morphology of normal fibroblasts and this function may be lost or altered during transformation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen.
TL;DR: An attempt is made to evaluate the mechanism of action of NAD Glycohydrolase and ADP-Ribosyltransferase on GTP-Binding Protein and GTPase Activity in response to the presence of Gangliosides and Their Oligosaccharides in Choleragen.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Permeability Factor (Toxin) found in Cholera Stools and Culture Filtrates and its Neutralization by Convalescent Cholera Sera.
TL;DR: A Permeability Factor (Toxin) found in Cholera Stools and Culture Filtrates and its Neutralization by Convalescent CholERA Sera is found to be neutralized by convalescent cholera patients.