Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
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It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.Abstract:
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in pairs produce two toxic actions. Injection of PA with LF causes death of rats in 60 min, whereas PA with EF causes edema in the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action of these proteins have not been determined. It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form. Activation occurs upon contact with a heat-stable eukaryotic cell material. The specific activity of the resulting adenylate cyclase nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to PA and EF, cAMP concentrations increase without a lag to values about 200-fold above normal, remain high in the continued presence of toxin, and decrease rapidly after its removal. The increase in cAMP is completely blocked by excess LF. It is suggested that PA interacts with cells to form a receptor system by which EF and perhaps LF gain access to the cytoplasm.read more
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Immunogenic compositions containing anthrax antigen, biodegradable polymer microparticles, and polynucleotide-containing immunological adjuvant
TL;DR: In this article, an antigen derived from Bacillus anthracis, a polymer microparticles comprising a biodegradable polymer, and a polynucleotide-containing immunological adjuvant was used to stimulate immune responses.
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Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein Associates with C/EBP β and Increases Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin-stimulated Gene Expression in Macrophages
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Bidirectional effect of Wnt signaling antagonist DKK1 on the modulation of anthrax toxin uptake
Lili Qian,Changzu Cai,Pengfei Yuan,Sun-Young Jeong,Xiaozhou Yang,Venita I. DeAlmeida,James A. Ernst,Michael R. Costa,Stanley N. Cohen,Wensheng Wei +9 more
TL;DR: The discovery that DKK1 forms ternary structure with LRP6 and Kremen2 in promoting PA-mediated toxin internalization provides a paradigm for bacterial exploitation of mechanisms that host cells use to internalize signaling proteins.
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Delayed Toxicity Associated with Soluble Anthrax Toxin Receptor Decoy-Ig Fusion Protein Treatment
Diane Thomas,John Naughton,Christopher K. Cote,Susan L. Welkos,Marianne Manchester,John A. T. Young +5 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that while receptor decoy-Ig proteins represent promising candidates for the early treatment of B. anthracis infection, they may not be suitable for therapeutic use at later stages when fatal levels of toxin have already accumulated in the bloodstream.
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Transcriptional profiling of murine organ genes in response to infection with Bacillus anthracis Ames spores.
Scott T. Moen,Linsey A. Yeager,William S Lawrence,Cindy Ponce,Cristi L. Galindo,Harold R. Garner,Wallace B. Baze,Giovanni Suarez,Johnny W. Peterson,Ashok K. Chopra +9 more
TL;DR: Although numerous genes related to the host immunological response and certain protection mechanisms were up-regulated in these organs, a vast list of genes important for fully developing and maintaining this response were decreased, validating the demand for a better understanding of anthrax pathogenesis in order to design therapies against novel targets.
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