Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
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TLDR
It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.Abstract:
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in pairs produce two toxic actions. Injection of PA with LF causes death of rats in 60 min, whereas PA with EF causes edema in the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. The mechanisms of action of these proteins have not been determined. It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form. Activation occurs upon contact with a heat-stable eukaryotic cell material. The specific activity of the resulting adenylate cyclase nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to PA and EF, cAMP concentrations increase without a lag to values about 200-fold above normal, remain high in the continued presence of toxin, and decrease rapidly after its removal. The increase in cAMP is completely blocked by excess LF. It is suggested that PA interacts with cells to form a receptor system by which EF and perhaps LF gain access to the cytoplasm.read more
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Posted ContentDOI
Anthrax Toxin as a Molecular Platform to Target Nociceptive Neurons and Modulate Pain
Nicole J. Yang,Jörg Isensee,Dylan V. Neel,Sai Man Liu,Han Xiong Bear Zhang,Andreea Belu,Shilpa Palan,Angela Kennedy-Curran,Pascal Röderer,Anja Nitzsche,Mike Lu,Bradley L. Pentelute,Oliver Brüstle,Vineeta Tripathi,Jin Mo Park,R. John Collier,Keith Foster,Bruce P. Bean,Stephen H. Leppla,Tim Hucho,Isaac M. Chiu +20 more
TL;DR: It is found that nociceptive sensory neurons that mediate pain are enriched in the receptor for anthrax toxins, ANTXR2, illustrating utility of the anthrax toxin system as a molecular platform to target pain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of ELISA based on Bacillus anthracis capsule biosynthesis protein CapA for naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax.
Tuvshinzaya Zorigt,Yoshikazu Furuta,Manyando Simbotwe,Akihiro Ochi,Mai Tsujinouchi,Misheck Shawa,Tomoko Shimizu,Norikazu Isoda,Jargalsaikhan Enkhtuya,Hideaki Higashi +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to antibodies against capsule biosynthesis protein CapA antigen of B. anthracis, which is non-cross-reactive to vaccine-induced antibodies in horses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cytidylyl cyclase activity of bacterial exotoxins
TL;DR: It is proposed that the bacterial exotoxins edema factor (EF) and CyaA generate cCMP, resulting in increased infection severity, and the molecular targets of cC MP remain to be determined.
Dissertation
Molecular analysis of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and edema factor, a bacterial adenylyly cyclase toxin
TL;DR: Challenges, limitations and future directions of anthrax research with special focus on EF are studied, with particular focus on the role of Edema Factor.
Posted ContentDOI
Comprehensive characterization of toxins defines progression and stages in a non-human primate model of inhalation anthrax
Anne E. Boyer,Maribel G. Candela,Renato C. Lins,Maria I. Solano,Adrian R. Woolfitt,John Lee,Daniel C. Sanford,Katherine A. B. Knostman,Conrad P. Quinn,Alex R. Hoffmaster,James L. Pirkle,John R. Barr +11 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive analysis of all major anthrax toxins and bacteremia in a non-human primate model of inhalation anthrax revealed a triphasic kinetics of toxemia that aligns with the three clinical stages, early-prodromal, intermediate-progressive and late-fulminant.
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