Assessment of breaking waves and liquid sloshing impact

TLDR: In this paper, an overview of breaking waves and liquid sloshing impact acting on rigid walls and in liquid containers is presented, together with the dimensionless parameters governing the design of small-scale models.

Abstract: This article presents an overview of breaking waves and liquid sloshing impact acting on rigid walls and in liquid containers. The physics of breaking waves against rigid walls can be understood through the Bagnold/Mitsuyasu piston theory. The flip-through is a major feature associated with the occurrence of violent waves without any actual impact on the wall. The physics of the phase transition during liquid impacts involves two- and multi-phase flows due to the entrapped gas pockets is addressed. The liquid sloshing assessment of liquefied natural gas tanks together with the dimensionless parameters governing the design of small-scale models is discussed. The nonlinear liquid sloshing dynamics under sway and rotational excitations is described for different container geometries. This article will discuss recent developments of numerical algorithms and computer codes capable to describe breaking waves and extreme sloshing impacts. Moreover, recent advances in breaking Faraday waves are also addressed together with an assessment of breaking interfacial gravity waves, in which a multilayer or stratified medium is a stack of different thin layers.