Journal ArticleDOI
Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms.
TLDR
This Review highlights the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.Abstract:
Phages are now acknowledged as the most abundant microorganisms on the planet and are also possibly the most diversified. This diversity is mostly driven by their dynamic adaptation when facing selective pressure such as phage resistance mechanisms, which are widespread in bacterial hosts. When infecting bacterial cells, phages face a range of antiviral mechanisms, and they have evolved multiple tactics to avoid, circumvent or subvert these mechanisms in order to thrive in most environments. In this Review, we highlight the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.read more
Citations
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Cas9–crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the Cas9–crRNA complex of the Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR3/Cas system introduces in vitro a double-strand break at a specific site in DNA containing a sequence complementary to crRNA, paving the way for engineering of universal programmable RNA-guided DNA endonucleases.
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RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea
TL;DR: Understanding how small RNAs are used to find and destroy foreign nucleic acids will provide new insights into the diverse mechanisms of RNA-controlled genetic silencing systems.
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Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies
TL;DR: The mechanism of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa is a recently characterized mechanism, which includes biofilm-mediated resistance and formation of multidrug-tolerant persister cells, and is responsible for recalcitrance and relapse of infections.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli
Rimantas Sapranauskas,Giedrius Gasiunas,Christophe Fremaux,Rodolphe Barrangou,Philippe Horvath,Virginijus Siksnys +5 more
TL;DR: The results show that active CRISPR/Cas systems can be transferred across distant genera and provide heterologous interference against invasive nucleic acids and can be leveraged to develop strains more robust against phage attack, and safer organisms less likely to uptake and disseminate plasmid-encoded undesirable genetic elements.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biology and Applications of CRISPR Systems: Harnessing Nature’s Toolbox for Genome Engineering
TL;DR: Recent advances in understanding the diverse mechanisms by which Cas proteins respond to foreign nucleic acids are discussed and how these systems have been harnessed for precision genome manipulation in a wide array of organisms.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes
Rodolphe Barrangou,Christophe Fremaux,Hélène Deveau,Melissa Richards,Patrick Boyaval,Sylvain Moineau,Dennis A. Romero,Philippe Horvath +7 more
TL;DR: It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
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Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes
Stan J. J. Brouns,Matthijs M. Jore,Magnus Lundgren,Edze R. Westra,Rik J. H. Slijkhuis,Ambrosius P. Snijders,Mark J. Dickman,Kira S. Makarova,Eugene V. Koonin,John van der Oost +9 more
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the formation of mature guide RNAs by the CRISPR RNA endonuclease subunit of Cascade is a mechanistic requirement for antiviral defense.
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CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea
TL;DR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner.
Journal ArticleDOI
Analysis of bacteriophage T7 early RNAs and proteins on slab gels
TL;DR: The RNAs and proteins specified by five early genes of bacteriophage T7 have been identified by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gels using a slab gel system in which 25 samples can be run simultaneously and then dried for autoradiography.
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Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements
TL;DR: It is shown that CRISPR spacers derive from preexisting sequences, either chromosomal or within transmissible genetic elements such as bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids, implying a relationship betweenCRISPR and immunity against targeted DNA.