CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes
Rodolphe Barrangou,Christophe Fremaux,Hélène Deveau,Melissa Richards,Patrick Boyaval,Sylvain Moineau,Dennis A. Romero,Philippe Horvath +7 more
TLDR
It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.Abstract:
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a distinctive feature of the genomes of most Bacteria and Archaea and are thought to be involved in resistance to bacteriophages. We found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences. Removal or addition of particular spacers modified the phage-resistance phenotype of the cell. Thus, CRISPR, together with associated cas genes, provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.read more
Citations
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A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.
Martin Jinek,Krzysztof Chylinski,Krzysztof Chylinski,Ines Fonfara,Michael H. Hauer,Jennifer A. Doudna,Emmanuelle Charpentier +6 more
TL;DR: This study reveals a family of endonucleases that use dual-RNAs for site-specific DNA cleavage and highlights the potential to exploit the system for RNA-programmable genome editing.
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Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system
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Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development and applications of Cas9 for a variety of research or translational applications while highlighting challenges as well as future directions, and highlight challenges and future directions.
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Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression.
Lei S. Qi,Matthew H. Larson,Luke A. Gilbert,Jennifer A. Doudna,Jonathan S. Weissman,Adam P. Arkin,Adam P. Arkin,Wendell A. Lim +7 more
TL;DR: This RNA-guided DNA recognition platform provides a simple approach for selectively perturbing gene expression on a genome-wide scale and can efficiently repress expression of targeted genes in Escherichia coli, with no detectable off-target effects.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements
TL;DR: It is shown that CRISPR spacers derive from preexisting sequences, either chromosomal or within transmissible genetic elements such as bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids, implying a relationship betweenCRISPR and immunity against targeted DNA.
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Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes.
TL;DR: A novel family of repetitive DNA sequences that is present among both domains of the prokaryotes but absent from eukaryotes or viruses is studied, characterized by direct repeats, varying in size from 21 to 37 bp, interspaced by similarly sized non‐repetitive sequences.
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Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin.
TL;DR: The authors suggest that the spacer elements are the traces of past invasions by extrachromosomal elements, and hypothesize that they provide the cell immunity against phage infection, and more generally foreign DNA expression, by coding an anti-sense RNA.
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A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action
TL;DR: It appears most likely that CASS is a prokaryotic system of defense against phages and plasmids that functions via the RNAi mechanism, which seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents.
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CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies.
TL;DR: The authors have sequenced a total of 109 alleles of the three Y. pestis CRISPRs and they describe 29 new spacers, most being specific to one isolate, and it appears that addition of new motifs to a common ancestral element is the most frequent event.