Blazars in the early Universe
TLDR
In this article, the authors investigate the relative occurrence of radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars in the first billion years of the Universe, powered by black holes heavier than one billion solar masses.Abstract:
We investigate the relative occurrence of radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars in the first billion years of the Universe, powered by black holes heavier than one billion solar masses. We consider the sample of high-redshift blazars detected in the hard X-ray band in the 3-year all sky survey performed by the Burst Alert Telescope onboard the Swift satellite. All the black holes powering these blazars exceed a billion solar mass, with accretion luminosities close to the Eddington limit. For each blazar pointing at us, there must be hundreds of similar sources (having black holes of similar masses) pointing elsewhere. This puts constraints on the density of billion solar masses black holes at high redshift (z > 4), and on the relative importance of (jetted) radio-loud versus radio-quiet sources. We compare the expected number of high-redshift radio-loud sources with the high-luminosity radio-loud quasars detected in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), finding agreement up to z ∼ 3, but a serious deficit at z > 3 of SDSS radio-loud quasars with respect to the expectations. We suggest that the most likely explanations for this disagreement are (i) the ratio of blazar to misaligned radio sources decreases by an order of magnitude above z = 3, possibly as a result of a decrease of the average bulk Lorentz factor, (ii) the SDSS misses a large fraction of radio-loud sources at high redshifts, (iii) the SDSS misses both radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars at high redshift, possibly because of obscuration or because of collimation of the optical–ultraviolet continuum in systems accreting near Eddington. These explanations imply very different number density of heavy black holes at high redshifts that we discuss in the framework of the current ideas about the relations of dark matter haloes at high redshifts and the black hole they host.read more
Citations
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The e-ASTROGAM mission: Exploring the extreme Universe with gamma rays in the MeV – GeV range
A. De Angelis,Vincent Tatischeff,M. Tavani,Uwe Oberlack,I. Grenier,Lorraine Hanlon,R. Walter,A. Argan,P. von Ballmoos,Andrea Bulgarelli,I. Donnarumma,M. Hernanz,Irfan Kuvvetli,M. Pearce,Andrzej A. Zdziarski,Alessio Aboudan,Marco Ajello,G. Ambrosi,Denis Bernard,Elisa Bernardini,V. Bonvicini,A. Brogna,M. Branchesi,Carl Budtz-Jørgensen,A. M. Bykov,Roberto Campana,M. Cardillo,Paolo De Coppi,D. de Martino,Roland Diehl,Michele Doro,Valentina Fioretti,Stefan Funk,Gabriele Ghisellini,Eric Grove,C. Hamadache,Dieter H. Hartmann,M. Hayashida,J. Isern,Gottfried Kanbach,J. Kiener,Jürgen Knödlseder,Claudio Labanti,P. Laurent,O. Limousin,Francesco Longo,Karl Mannheim,Martino Marisaldi,M. Martinez,Mn Mazziotta,Julie McEnery,Sandro Mereghetti,G. Minervini,A. A. Moiseev,A. Morselli,Koji Nakazawa,Piotr Orleanski,J. M. Paredes,B. Patricelli,J. Peyré,G. Piano,M. Pohl,Harald Ramarijaona,Riccardo Rando,I. Reichardt,M. Roncadelli,Rui M. Curado da Silva,Fabrizio Tavecchio,D. J. Thompson,Roberto Turolla,Roberto Turolla,A. Ulyanov,Andrea Vacchi,Xiaoya Wu,Andreas Zoglauer +74 more
TL;DR: The e-ASTROGAM (enhanced ASTROGAM) project as mentioned in this paper is a breakthrough Observatory space mission, with a detector composed by a Silicon tracker, a calorimeter, and an anticoincidence system, dedicated to the study of the non-thermal Universe in the photon energy range from 0.3 MeV to 3 GeV.
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The case for supercritical accretion onto massive black holes at high redshift
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Journal ArticleDOI
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