Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies
Geoffrey Livesey,Richard J. K. Taylor,Helen F. Livesey,Anette E. Buyken,David J.A. Jenkins,Livia S. A. Augustin,John L. Sievenpiper,Alan W. Barclay,Simin Liu,Thomas M.S. Wolever,Thomas M.S. Wolever,Walter C. Willett,Furio Brighenti,Jordi Salas-Salvadó,Jordi Salas-Salvadó,Inger Björck,Salwa W. Rizkalla,Gabriele Riccardi,Carlo La Vecchia,Antonio Ceriello,Antonia Trichopoulou,Andrea Poli,Arne Astrup,Cyril W.C. Kendall,Cyril W.C. Kendall,Cyril W.C. Kendall,M.-A. Ha,Sara Baer-Sinnott,Jennie Brand-Miller +28 more
TLDR
Evidence indicates that GI and GL are substantial food markers predicting the development of T2D worldwide, for persons of European ancestry and of East Asian ancestry and that consideration should be given to these dietary risk factors in nutrition advice.Abstract:
Published meta-analyses indicate significant but inconsistent incident type-2 diabetes(T2D)-dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) risk ratios or risk relations (RR). It is nowover a decade ago that a published meta-analysis used a predefined standard to identify validstudies. Considering valid studies only, and using random effects dose-response meta-analysis(DRM) while withdrawing spurious results (p 1.20 with a lower 95% confidence limit>1.10 across typical intakes (approximately 10th to 90th percentiles of population intakes). Thecombined T2D-GI RR was 1.27 (1.15-1.40) (p < 0.001, n = 10 studies) per 10 units GI, while that forthe T2D-GL RR was 1.26 (1.15-1.37) (p < 0.001, n = 15) per 80 g/d GL in a 2000 kcal (8400 kJ) diet.The corresponding global DRM using restricted cubic splines were 1.87 (1.56-2.25) (p < 0.001, n =10) and 1.89 (1.66-2.16) (p < 0.001, n = 15) from 47.6 to 76.1 units GI and 73 to 257 g/d GL in a 2000kcal diet, respectively. In conclusion, among adults initially in good health, diets higher in GI or GLwere robustly associated with incident T2D. Together with mechanistic and other data, thissupports that consideration should be given to these dietary risk factors in nutrition advice.Concerning the public health relevance at the global level, our evidence indicates that GI and GLare substantial food markers predicting the development of T2D worldwide, for persons ofEuropean ancestry and of East Asian ancestry.read more
Citations
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: An Update of the Evidence.
Vasanti S. Malik,Frank B. Hu +1 more
TL;DR: Conclusive evidence from cohort studies and trials on risk factors support an etiologic role of SSB in relation to weight gain and risk of T2D and CHD, independent of adiposity.
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Diet and exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
TL;DR: This Review highlights the evidence from clinical trials that diet-induced weight loss interventions can be used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and preliminary work suggests that pretreatment glycaemic status could be use to stratify patients in order to optimize dietary recommendations.
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The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases
Vasanti S. Malik,Frank B. Hu +1 more
TL;DR: A review of the evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverages to obesity, cardiometabolic outcomes and related cancers, as well as methods to grade the strength of nutritional research is presented in this article .
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Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Sara Castro-Barquero,Sara Castro-Barquero,Ana María Ruiz-León,Ana María Ruiz-León,Maria Sierra-Pérez,Ramon Estruch,Ramon Estruch,Rosa Casas,Rosa Casas +8 more
TL;DR: On comparing low-fat and restricted diets, the scientific evidence supports the use of the Mediterranean Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet intervention as the new paradigm for metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations.
Geoffrey Livesey,Richard J. K. Taylor,Helen F. Livesey,Anette E. Buyken,David J.A. Jenkins,Livia S. A. Augustin,John L. Sievenpiper,Alan W. Barclay,Simin Liu,Thomas M.S. Wolever,Thomas M.S. Wolever,Walter C. Willett,Furio Brighenti,Jordi Salas-Salvadó,Jordi Salas-Salvadó,Inger Björck,Salwa W. Rizkalla,Gabriele Riccardi,Carlo La Vecchia,Antonio Ceriello,Antonia Trichopoulou,Andrea Poli,Arne Astrup,Cyril W.C. Kendall,Cyril W.C. Kendall,Cyril W.C. Kendall,M.-A. Ha,Sara Baer-Sinnott,Jennie Brand-Miller +28 more
TL;DR: The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations, and the cost–benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets.
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