Elevated CO2 effects on plant carbon, nitrogen, and water relations: six important lessons from FACE
Andrew D. B. Leakey,Elizabeth A. Ainsworth,Elizabeth A. Ainsworth,Carl J. Bernacchi,Carl J. Bernacchi,Alistair Rogers,Alistair Rogers,Stephen P. Long,Donald R. Ort +8 more
TLDR
Some of the lessons learned from the long-term investment in Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment experiments are described, where many of these lessons have been most clearly demonstrated in crop systems, and have important implications for natural systems.Abstract:
Plant responses to the projected future levels of CO2 were first characterized in short-term experiments lasting days to weeks. However, longer term acclimation responses to elevated CO2 were subsequently discovered to be very important in determining plant and ecosystem function. Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments are the culmination of efforts to assess the impact of elevated CO2 on plants over multiple seasons and, in the case of crops, over their entire lifetime. FACE has been used to expose vegetation to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 under completely open-air conditions for nearly two decades. This review describes some of the lessons learned from the long-term investment in these experiments. First, elevated CO2 stimulates photosynthetic carbon gain and net primary production over the long term despite down-regulation of Rubisco activity. Second, elevated CO2 improves nitrogen use efficiency and, third, decreases water use at both the leaf and canopy scale. Fourth, elevated CO2 stimulates dark respiration via a transcriptional reprogramming of metabolism. Fifth, elevated CO2 does not directly stimulate C4 photosynthesis, but can indirectly stimulate carbon gain in times and places of drought. Finally, the stimulation of yield by elevated CO2 in crop species is much smaller than expected. While many of these lessons have been most clearly demonstrated in crop systems, all of the lessons have important implications for natural systems.read more
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Phenomics – technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck
Robert T. Furbank,Mark Tester +1 more
TL;DR: This review presents plant physiology in an 'omics' perspective, some of the new high-throughput and high-resolution phenotyping tools are reviewed and their application to plant biology, functional genomics and crop breeding is discussed.
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Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition.
Samuel S. Myers,Antonella Zanobetti,Itai Kloog,Peter Huybers,Andrew D. B. Leakey,Arnold J. Bloom,Eli Carlisle,Lee H. Dietterich,Glenn J. Fitzgerald,Toshihiro Hasegawa,N. Michele Holbrook,Randall L. Nelson,Michael J. Ottman,Victor Raboy,Hidemitsu Sakai,Karla Sartor,Joel Schwartz,Saman Seneweera,Michael Tausz,Yasuhiro Usui +19 more
TL;DR: It is reported that C3 grains and legumes have lower concentrations of zinc and iron when grown under field conditions at the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted for the middle of this century.
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Genetic Engineering for Modern Agriculture: Challenges and Perspectives
Ron Mittler,Eduardo Blumwald +1 more
TL;DR: A combination of approaches will likely be needed to significantly improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops in the field, including mechanistic understanding and subsequent utilization of stress response and stress acclimation networks.
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Differential responses to changes in growth temperature between trees from different functional groups and biomes: a review and synthesis of data
Danielle A. Way,Ram Oren +1 more
TL;DR: It was found that elevated temperatures enhanced growth in deciduous species more than in evergreen trees, and Tropical species were indeed more susceptible to warming-induced growth declines than temperate or boreal trees in both analyses.
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Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae
TL;DR: Photosynthetic and growth rates of marine macro-autotrophs are likely to increase under elevated [CO2 ] similar to terrestrial C3 species, and fluxes control micro-environments that promote calcification over dissolution and may be more important than CaCO3 mineralogy in predicting macroalgal responses to OA.
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