Estrogen and Mechanisms of Vascular Protection
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TLDR
Cellular/molecular mechanisms by which estrogen modulates injury-induced inflammation, growth factor expression, and oxidative stress in arteries and isolated vascular smooth muscle cells are reviewed, with emphasis on the role of estrogen receptors and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappa B) signaling pathway.Abstract:
Estrogen has antiinflammatory and vasoprotective effects when administered to young women or experimental animals that appear to be converted to proinflammatory and vasotoxic effects in older subjects, particularly those that have been hormone free for long periods. Clinical studies have raised many important questions about the vascular effects of estrogen that cannot easily be answered in human subjects. Here we review cellular/molecular mechanisms by which estrogen modulates injury-induced inflammation, growth factor expression, and oxidative stress in arteries and isolated vascular smooth muscle cells, with emphasis on the role of estrogen receptors and the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) signaling pathway, as well as evidence that these protective mechanisms are lost in aging subjects.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Estrogen and the cardiovascular system
Anne A Knowlton,Alison R. Lee +1 more
TL;DR: Clinical investigations of estrogen have had mixed results, and not shown the clear-cut benefit of more basic investigations, so further basic research into the underlying molecular mechanisms of estrogen's actions is essential to provide a better comprehension of the many properties of this powerful hormone.
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Estrogenic endocrine disruptors: Molecular mechanisms of action.
Ryoiti Kiyama,Yuko Wada-Kiyama +1 more
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Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics
Virginia Zarulli,Julia A. Barthold Jones,Anna Oksuzyan,Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen,Kaare Christensen,James W. Vaupel +5 more
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Low free testosterone predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease but not other causes: the Health in Men Study
Zoë Hyde,Paul Norman,Leon Flicker,Graeme J. Hankey,Osvaldo P. Almeida,Osvaldo P. Almeida,Kieran McCaul,S. A. Paul Chubb,Bu B. Yeap +8 more
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