Genetically engineered trees for plantation forests: key considerations for environmental risk assessment
Hely Häggman,Alan Raybould,Aluízio Borém,Thomas R. Fox,Levis Handley,Magnus Hertzberg,Meng-Zu Lu,Philip Macdonald,Taichi Oguchi,Giancarlo Pasquali,Les Pearson,Gary F. Peter,Hector Quemada,Armand Séguin,Kylie Tattersall,Eugênio C. Ulian,Christian Walter,Morven A. McLean +17 more
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This paper examines how the ERA paradigm used for GE crop plants may be applied to GE trees for use in plantation forests and emphasizes the importance of differentiating between ERA for confined field trials of GE trees, and ERA for unconfined or commercial-scale releases.Abstract:
Forests are vital to the world's ecological, social, cultural and economic well-being yet sustainable provision of goods and services from forests is increasingly challenged by pressures such as growing demand for wood and other forest products, land conversion and degradation, and climate change. Intensively managed, highly productive forestry incorporating the most advanced methods for tree breeding, including the application of genetic engineering (GE), has tremendous potential for producing more wood on less land. However, the deployment of GE trees in plantation forests is a controversial topic and concerns have been particularly expressed about potential harms to the environment. This paper, prepared by an international group of experts in silviculture, forest tree breeding, forest biotechnology and environmental risk assessment (ERA) that met in April 2012, examines how the ERA paradigm used for GE crop plants may be applied to GE trees for use in plantation forests. It emphasizes the importance of differentiating between ERA for confined field trials of GE trees, and ERA for unconfined or commercial-scale releases. In the case of the latter, particular attention is paid to characteristics of forest trees that distinguish them from shorter-lived plant species, the temporal and spatial scale of forests, and the biodiversity of the plantation forest as a receiving environment.read more
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Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis.
Roberto Rinaldi,Robin Jastrzebski,Matthew T. Clough,John Ralph,Marco Kennema,Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx,Bert M. Weckhuysen +6 more
TL;DR: This review provides a “beginning‐to‐end” analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation, with particular emphasis on the improved understanding of lign in's biosynthesis and structure.
Wood chemistry: fundamentals and applications.
TL;DR: The authors examines the basic principles of wood chemistry and its potential applications to pulping and papermaking, wood and wood waste utilization, pulping by-products for production of chemicals and energy, and biomass conversion.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wege zur Verwertung von Lignin: Fortschritte in der Biotechnik, der Bioraffination und der Katalyse
Roberto Rinaldi,Robin Jastrzebski,Matthew T. Clough,John Ralph,Marco Kennema,Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx,Bert M. Weckhuysen +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of Fortschritte bei der Verwertung von Lignin vom Anfang bis zum Ende is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
The potential of genomics for restoring ecosystems and biodiversity.
Martin F. Breed,Peter A. Harrison,Colette Blyth,Margaret Byrne,Virginie Gaget,Nicholas J. C. Gellie,Scott V. C. Groom,Riley Hodgson,Jacob G. Mills,Thomas A. A. Prowse,Dorothy A. Steane,Jakki J. Mohr +11 more
TL;DR: It is argued that genomics tools need to be adopted in restoration ecology to help reverse the environmental destruction caused by humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Planted forests and invasive alien trees in Europe: A Code for managing existing and future plantings to mitigate the risk of negative impacts from invasions
TL;DR: Brundu et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a code for managing existing and future plantings to mitigate the risk of negative impacts from invasions, including planted forests and invasive alien trees in Europe.
References
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Book
Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap
TL;DR: Xylem Dysfunction: When Cohesion Breaks Down, the Cohesion-Tension Theory of Sap Ascent and other Functional Adaptations.
Book
Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
TL;DR: The authors examines the basic principles of wood chemistry and its potential applications to pulping and papermaking, wood and wood waste utilization, pulping by-products for production of chemicals and energy, and biomass conversion.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lignin Biosynthesis and Structure
TL;DR: Lignin is the generic term for a large group of aromatic polymers resulting from the oxidative combinatorial coupling of 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoids, deposited predominantly in the walls of secondarily thickened cells, making them lignin-like polymers.
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Lignins. Occurrence, Formation, Structure and Reactions
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatise on lignin sifts and knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text.