Graphene oxide selectively targets cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types: implications for non-toxic cancer treatment, via "differentiation-based nano-therapy".
Marco Fiorillo,Marco Fiorillo,Andrea Francesco Verre,Maria Iliut,Maria Peiris-Pagès,Béla Ózsvári,Ricardo Gandara,Anna Rita Cappello,Federica Sotgia,Aravind Vijayaraghavan,Michael P. Lisanti +10 more
TLDR
Graphene oxide is shown to be an effective non-toxic therapeutic strategy for the eradication of cancer stem cells, via differentiation-based nano-therapy and Mechanistically, it is presented evidence that GO exerts its striking effects on CSCs by inhibiting several key signal transduction pathways and thereby inducing CSC differentiation.Abstract:
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs), a.k.a. cancer stem cells (CSCs), are difficult to eradicate with conventional approaches to cancer treatment, such as chemo-therapy and radiation. As a consequence, the survival of residual CSCs is thought to drive the onset of tumor recurrence, distant metastasis, and drug-resistance, which is a significant clinical problem for the effective treatment of cancer. Thus, novel approaches to cancer therapy are needed urgently, to address this clinical need. Towards this end, here we have investigated the therapeutic potential of graphene oxide to target cancer stem cells. Graphene and its derivatives are well-known, relatively inert and potentially non-toxic nano-materials that form stable dispersions in a variety of solvents. Here, we show that graphene oxide (of both big and small flake sizes) can be used to selectively inhibit the proliferative expansion of cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types. For this purpose, we employed the tumor-sphere assay, which functionally measures the clonal expansion of single cancer stem cells under anchorage-independent conditions. More specifically, we show that graphene oxide effectively inhibits tumor-sphere formation in multiple cell lines, across 6 different cancer types, including breast, ovarian, prostate, lung and pancreatic cancers, as well as glioblastoma (brain). In striking contrast, graphene oxide is non-toxic for "bulk" cancer cells (non-stem) and normal fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we present evidence that GO exerts its striking effects on CSCs by inhibiting several key signal transduction pathways (WNT, Notch and STAT-signaling) and thereby inducing CSC differentiation. Thus, graphene oxide may be an effective non-toxic therapeutic strategy for the eradication of cancer stem cells, via differentiation-based nano-therapy.read more
Citations
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Nanomaterials in Targeting Cancer Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy.
TL;DR: Future prospects for targeting CSCs for cancer therapies by using a variety of nanomaterials are highlighted and it remains an open question how nanommaterials can meet future demands for targeting and eradicating of C SCs.
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Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application
TL;DR: Graphene- and graphene oxide-based nanomaterials have gained broad interests in research because of their unique physiochemical properties and their substantial use in medicine and biology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: current progress and perspectives.
TL;DR: Nanomaterials are materials in the nanorange 1-100nm which possess unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties as discussed by the authors, and they have been modified for a wide range of cancer therapies to overcome toxicity and lack of specificity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessing biocompatibility of graphene oxide-based nanocarriers: A review
TL;DR: An overview on the effect of GO properties on interactions with cells such as red blood cells, macrophages and cell lines, and experimental organisms including rodents, rabbits and Zebrafish is provided, offering some guidelines for development of safe GO-based nanocarriers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle nanocomposite: a potential anticancer nanotherapy.
Sangiliyandi Gurunathan,Jae Woong Han,Jung Hyun Park,Eunsu Kim,Yun-Jung Choi,Deug-Nam Kwon,Jin-Hoi Kim +6 more
TL;DR: This study develops a simple, non-toxic, environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide–silver (rGO–Ag) nanoparticle nanocomposites using Tilia amurensis plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents and shows a significant inhibiting effect on cell viability.
References
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TL;DR: This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material.
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Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
Daniela C. Marcano,Dmitry V. Kosynkin,Jacob M. Berlin,Alexander Sinitskii,Zhengzong Sun,Alexander S. Slesarev,Lawrence B. Alemany,Wei Lu,James M. Tour +8 more
TL;DR: An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) is described, finding that excluding the NaNO(3), increasing the amount of KMnO(4), and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H(2)SO(4)/H(3)PO(4) improves the efficiency of the oxidation process.
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PEGylated Nanographene Oxide for Delivery of Water-Insoluble Cancer Drugs
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