Journal ArticleDOI
Gut-brain communication and obesity: understanding functions of the vagus nerve.
TLDR
In this paper, the first function-specific populations of vagal afferents providing nutritional feedback as well as feed-forward signals have been identified with a genetics-guided methodology, and it is hoped that extension of the methodology to other neural communication pathways will follow soon.Abstract:
Given the crucial role of the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs in handling nutrient assimilation and metabolism, it has long been known that its communication with the brain is important for the control of ingestive behavior and body weight regulation. It is also clear that gut-brain communication is bidirectional and utilizes both rapid neural and slower humoral mechanisms and pathways. However, progress in understanding these mechanisms and leveraging them for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease has been hindered by the enormous dimension of the gut mucosa, the complexity of the signaling systems, and lack of specific tools. With the ascent of modern neurobiological technology, our understanding of the role of vagal afferents in gut-brain communication has begun to change. The first function-specific populations of vagal afferents providing nutritional feedback as well as feed-forward signals have been identified with genetics-guided methodology, and it is hoped that extension of the methodology to other neural communication pathways will follow soon. Currently, efficient clinical leveraging of gut-brain communication to treat obesity and metabolic disease is limited to a few gut hormones, but a more complete understanding of function-specific and projection-specific neuronal populations should make it possible to develop selective and more effective neuromodulation approaches.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Internal senses of the vagus nerve
TL;DR: A review of the state of knowledge related to vagal sensory neurons that innervate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems can be found in this article , where the authors focus on cell types and their response properties, physiological/behavioral roles, engaged neural circuits and sensory receptors.
Journal ArticleDOI
The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors, and discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Physiological Control of Eating: Signals, Neurons, and Networks
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors, and discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brain GLP-1 and the regulation of food intake: GLP-1 action in the brain and its implications for GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment.
Stefan Trapp,Daniel I. Brierley +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the similarities and differences between the physiological systems regulated by gut-derived and neuronally produced glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are investigated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of obesity from both experimental and clinical studies, focusing on signaling pathways and their roles in the regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and chronic inflammation.
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Paciorek,Andre Pascal Kengne,Aubrianna Zhu,Majid Ezzati +1024 more
TL;DR: Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls, and by contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia forboth sexes, and southeast Asia for boys.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
John F. Cryan,Timothy G. Dinan +1 more
TL;DR: The emerging concept of a microbiota–gut–brain axis suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota may be a tractable strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex CNS disorders.
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Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing
Dmitry Usoskin,Alessandro Furlan,Saiful Islam,Hind Abdo,Peter Lönnerberg,Daohua Lou,Jens Hjerling-Leffler,Jesper Z. Haeggström,Olga Kharchenko,Peter V. Kharchenko,Sten Linnarsson,Patrik Ernfors +11 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that itching during inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis is linked to a distinct itch-generating type, and demonstrate single-cell RNA-seq as an effective strategy for dissecting sensory responsive cells into distinct neuronal types.
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TGR5-Mediated Bile Acid Sensing Controls Glucose Homeostasis
Charles Thomas,Antimo Gioiello,Lilia G. Noriega,Lilia G. Noriega,Axelle Strehle,Julien Oury,Giovanni Rizzo,Antonio Macchiarulo,Hiroyasu Yamamoto,Hiroyasu Yamamoto,Chikage Mataki,Chikage Mataki,Mark Pruzanski,Roberto Pellicciari,Johan Auwerx,Johan Auwerx,Kristina Schoonjans,Kristina Schoonjans +17 more
TL;DR: It is shown here that TGR5 signaling induces intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release, leading to improved liver and pancreatic function and enhanced glucose tolerance in obese mice, and suggested that pharmacological targeting of T GR5 may constitute a promising incretin-based strategy for the treatment of diabesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Gut Hormone Profiles Following Bariatric Surgery Favor an Anorectic State, Facilitate Weight Loss, and Improve Metabolic Parameters
Carel W. le Roux,Simon Aylwin,Rachel L. Batterham,C Borg,Frances Coyle,Vyas Prasad,Sandra Shurey,Mohammad A. Ghatei,Ameet G. Patel,Stephen R. Bloom +9 more
TL;DR: Following RYGB and JIB, a pleiotropic endocrine response may contribute to the improved glycemic control, appetite reduction, and long-term changes in body weight.