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Mechanisms of Muscle Injury, Repair, and Regeneration
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TLDR
The process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.Abstract:
Skeletal muscle continuously adapts to changes in its mechanical environment through modifications in gene expression and protein stability that affect its physiological function and mass. However, mechanical stresses commonly exceed the parameters that induce adaptations, producing instead acute injury. Furthermore, the relatively superficial location of many muscles in the body leaves them further vulnerable to acute injuries by exposure to extreme temperatures, contusions, lacerations or toxins. In this article, the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors that underlie muscle injury and the capacity of muscle to repair and regenerate are presented. Evidence shows that muscle injuries that are caused by eccentric contractions result from direct mechanical damage to myofibrils. However, muscle pathology following other acute injuries is largely attributable to damage to the muscle cell membrane. Many feaures in the injury-repair-regeneration cascade relate to the unregulated influx of calcium through membrane lesions, including: (i) activation of proteases and hydrolases that contribute muscle damage, (ii) activation of enzymes that drive the production of mitogens and motogens for muscle and immune cells involved in injury and repair, and (iii) enabling protein-protein interactions that promote membrane repair. Evidence is also presented to show that the myogenic program that is activated by acute muscle injury and the inflammatory process that follows are highly coordinated, with myeloid cells playing a central role in modulating repair and regeneration. The early-invading, proinflammatory M1 macrophages remove debris caused by injury and express Th1 cytokines that play key roles in regulating the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of satellite cells. The subsequent invasion by anti-inflammatory, M2 macrophages promotes tissue repair and attenuates inflammation. Although this system provides an effective mechanism for muscle repair and regeneration following acute injury, it is dysregulated in chronic injuries. In this article, the process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury, to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.read more
Citations
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Dissertation
Adaptations to sprint interval training and comparisons of gender response
TL;DR: It is concluded that males and females adapt positively to SIT, although gender differences in VO2max and changes to body fat were found.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Role of Paracrine Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Crosstalk With Macrophages in Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review.
Hongtao Xu,Chien Wei Lee,Yu Fan Wang,Shuting Huang,Lih Ying Shin,Yu Hsuan Wang,Zihao Wan,Xiaobo Zhu,Patrick Shu-Hang Yung,Oscar K. Lee +9 more
TL;DR: MSCs in musculoskeletal system, mediated by the interaction between MSC paracrine and Mφs, have therapeutic potential in muscleskeletal diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Redox-dependent regulation of satellite cells following aseptic muscle trauma: Implications for sports performance and nutrition
Konstantinos Papanikolaou,Aristidis S. Veskoukis,Dimitrios Draganidis,Ioannis Baloyiannis,Chariklia K. Deli,Athanasios Poulios,Athanasios Z. Jamurtas,Ioannis G. Fatouros +7 more
TL;DR: The role of redox status on SCs function should be further investigated in the future with human clinical trials in an attempt to elucidate the molecular pathways responsible for muscle recovery and provide information for potential nutritional strategies aiming at performance recovery.
Book ChapterDOI
Physiological Functions of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species
Tae Gyu Choi,Sung Soo Kim +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of omega-3 on matrix metalloproteinase-9, myoblast transplantation and satellite cell activation in dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers
TL;DR: The present study demonstrates the benefits of omega-3 on satellite cell survival and muscle regeneration, further supporting its use in clinical trials and cell therapies in DMD.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Dystrophin: The protein product of the duchenne muscular dystrophy locus
TL;DR: The identification of the mdx mouse as an animal model for DMD has important implications with regard to the etiology of the lethal DMD phenotype, and the protein dystrophin is named because of its identification via the isolation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus.
Journal ArticleDOI
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