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Mechanisms of Muscle Injury, Repair, and Regeneration
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TLDR
The process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.Abstract:
Skeletal muscle continuously adapts to changes in its mechanical environment through modifications in gene expression and protein stability that affect its physiological function and mass. However, mechanical stresses commonly exceed the parameters that induce adaptations, producing instead acute injury. Furthermore, the relatively superficial location of many muscles in the body leaves them further vulnerable to acute injuries by exposure to extreme temperatures, contusions, lacerations or toxins. In this article, the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors that underlie muscle injury and the capacity of muscle to repair and regenerate are presented. Evidence shows that muscle injuries that are caused by eccentric contractions result from direct mechanical damage to myofibrils. However, muscle pathology following other acute injuries is largely attributable to damage to the muscle cell membrane. Many feaures in the injury-repair-regeneration cascade relate to the unregulated influx of calcium through membrane lesions, including: (i) activation of proteases and hydrolases that contribute muscle damage, (ii) activation of enzymes that drive the production of mitogens and motogens for muscle and immune cells involved in injury and repair, and (iii) enabling protein-protein interactions that promote membrane repair. Evidence is also presented to show that the myogenic program that is activated by acute muscle injury and the inflammatory process that follows are highly coordinated, with myeloid cells playing a central role in modulating repair and regeneration. The early-invading, proinflammatory M1 macrophages remove debris caused by injury and express Th1 cytokines that play key roles in regulating the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of satellite cells. The subsequent invasion by anti-inflammatory, M2 macrophages promotes tissue repair and attenuates inflammation. Although this system provides an effective mechanism for muscle repair and regeneration following acute injury, it is dysregulated in chronic injuries. In this article, the process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury, to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.read more
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Book ChapterDOI
Challenges toward musculoskeletal injuries and diseases
Ge Li,Wanting Niu +1 more
TL;DR: Learning the occurrence and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal system and the existing treatment schemes, problems, and challenges will provide a more comprehensive perspective for the renewal of clinical treatment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Muscle proteolysis via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is activated by BthTx-I Lys49 PLA2 but not by BthTx-II Asp49 PLA2 and Bothrops jararacussu venom.
TL;DR: This study investigates the role of Myogenic Regulatory Factors, negatively regulated by GDF-8 (Myostatin), and ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway and catalytic activity has likely inhibitory role on the satellite cells-mediated reparative myogenesis pathway in gastrocnemius muscle regeneration after Bothrops jararacussu snake venom.
Journal ArticleDOI
Clostridium perfringens α-toxin inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts
TL;DR: Whether α-toxin impairs the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, a useful cell line to study muscle growth, maturation, and regeneration in vitro, is tested and shows that the impairment of myogenic differentiation by α- toxin might be crucial for the pathogenesis of C. perfringens-induced muscle disorders.
DissertationDOI
Impact of heat therapy on skeletal muscle structure and function
TL;DR: The primary aim of the dissertation studies was to determine the impact of heat therapy on skeletal muscle structure and function in humans and animals and reveal that the beneficial effects of heat treatment are muscle fiber type specific and dependent on the treatment temperature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regenerated soleus muscle shows reduced creatine kinase efflux after contractile activity in vitro
Juozas Baltusnikas,Audrius Kilikevicius,Tomas Venckunas,Andrej Fokin,Arimantas Lionikas,Aivaras Ratkevicius,Aivaras Ratkevicius +6 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that muscle regeneration is associated with modulation of contractile properties and improvement in muscle resistance to damage after eccentric exercise.
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