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Mechanisms of Muscle Injury, Repair, and Regeneration
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TLDR
The process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.Abstract:
Skeletal muscle continuously adapts to changes in its mechanical environment through modifications in gene expression and protein stability that affect its physiological function and mass. However, mechanical stresses commonly exceed the parameters that induce adaptations, producing instead acute injury. Furthermore, the relatively superficial location of many muscles in the body leaves them further vulnerable to acute injuries by exposure to extreme temperatures, contusions, lacerations or toxins. In this article, the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors that underlie muscle injury and the capacity of muscle to repair and regenerate are presented. Evidence shows that muscle injuries that are caused by eccentric contractions result from direct mechanical damage to myofibrils. However, muscle pathology following other acute injuries is largely attributable to damage to the muscle cell membrane. Many feaures in the injury-repair-regeneration cascade relate to the unregulated influx of calcium through membrane lesions, including: (i) activation of proteases and hydrolases that contribute muscle damage, (ii) activation of enzymes that drive the production of mitogens and motogens for muscle and immune cells involved in injury and repair, and (iii) enabling protein-protein interactions that promote membrane repair. Evidence is also presented to show that the myogenic program that is activated by acute muscle injury and the inflammatory process that follows are highly coordinated, with myeloid cells playing a central role in modulating repair and regeneration. The early-invading, proinflammatory M1 macrophages remove debris caused by injury and express Th1 cytokines that play key roles in regulating the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of satellite cells. The subsequent invasion by anti-inflammatory, M2 macrophages promotes tissue repair and attenuates inflammation. Although this system provides an effective mechanism for muscle repair and regeneration following acute injury, it is dysregulated in chronic injuries. In this article, the process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury, to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Genistein Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Regulating miR-221/222
Linyuan Shen,Tianci Liao,Jingyun Chen,Jianfeng Ma,Jinyong Wang,Li Chen,Shunhua Zhang,Ye Zhao,Lili Niu,Changjun Zeng,Mailin Gan,Lei Zhu +11 more
TL;DR: In this article , the role of GEN in skeletal muscle regeneration was investigated, and the results showed that GEN could inhibit the proliferation of satellite cells and promote the differentiation of muscle satellite cells by inhibiting the expression of miR-221/222.
The Construction of a Plasmid for Detecting the Pathway of Arginine Metabolism in Human Macrophages: a Real-Time Assessment of Macrophage Polarity
TL;DR: The construction of a plasmid for detecting the pathway of arginine metabolism in human macrophages: real-time assessment of macrophage polarity is described.
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Interleukin-6 affects pacsin3, ephrinA4 expression and cytoskeletal proteins in differentiating primary skeletal myoblasts through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms
Marta Milewska,Tomasz Domoradzki,Alicja Majewska,Maciej Błaszczyk,Małgorzata Gajewska,Magdalena Hulanicka,Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk +6 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that IL-6, a known proinflammatory cytokine and a physical activity-associated myokine, acting during differentiation of primary skeletal muscle cells, alters expression of nonmuscle-specific miRNAs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Implications of regulatory T cells in non-lymphoid tissue physiology and pathophysiology
TL;DR: The importance of tissue Treg cells for tissue maintenance, regeneration, and repair in adipose tissue, muscle, CNS, liver, kidney, reproductive organs, and the lung is highlighted.
Book ChapterDOI
Emerging Biological Approaches to Muscle Injuries
Anne D. van der Made,Gustaaf Reurink,Johannes L. Tol,Mario Marotta,Gil Rodas,Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs +5 more
TL;DR: This chapter will cover the basics of muscle healing and discuss emerging therapies with current scientific evidence on their efficacy and safety.
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