OtherDOI
Mechanisms of Muscle Injury, Repair, and Regeneration
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
The process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.Abstract:
Skeletal muscle continuously adapts to changes in its mechanical environment through modifications in gene expression and protein stability that affect its physiological function and mass. However, mechanical stresses commonly exceed the parameters that induce adaptations, producing instead acute injury. Furthermore, the relatively superficial location of many muscles in the body leaves them further vulnerable to acute injuries by exposure to extreme temperatures, contusions, lacerations or toxins. In this article, the molecular, cellular, and mechanical factors that underlie muscle injury and the capacity of muscle to repair and regenerate are presented. Evidence shows that muscle injuries that are caused by eccentric contractions result from direct mechanical damage to myofibrils. However, muscle pathology following other acute injuries is largely attributable to damage to the muscle cell membrane. Many feaures in the injury-repair-regeneration cascade relate to the unregulated influx of calcium through membrane lesions, including: (i) activation of proteases and hydrolases that contribute muscle damage, (ii) activation of enzymes that drive the production of mitogens and motogens for muscle and immune cells involved in injury and repair, and (iii) enabling protein-protein interactions that promote membrane repair. Evidence is also presented to show that the myogenic program that is activated by acute muscle injury and the inflammatory process that follows are highly coordinated, with myeloid cells playing a central role in modulating repair and regeneration. The early-invading, proinflammatory M1 macrophages remove debris caused by injury and express Th1 cytokines that play key roles in regulating the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of satellite cells. The subsequent invasion by anti-inflammatory, M2 macrophages promotes tissue repair and attenuates inflammation. Although this system provides an effective mechanism for muscle repair and regeneration following acute injury, it is dysregulated in chronic injuries. In this article, the process of muscle injury, repair and regeneration that occurs in muscular dystrophy is used as an example of chronic muscle injury, to highlight similarities and differences between the injury and repair processes that occur in acutely and chronically injured muscle.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Eosinophils Do Not Drive Acute Muscle Pathology in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Albert C. Sek,Ian N. Moore,Margery G. Smelkinson,Katherine Pak,Mahnaz Minai,Roberta Smith,Michelle Ma,Caroline M. Percopo,Helene F. Rosenberg +8 more
TL;DR: Eosinophils were prominent in the quadriceps muscles of 4-wk-old male mdx mice but no profound differences were observed in the quantitative measures of muscle damage when comparing mdx versus mdx.IL5tg mice, challenging the long-held perception of eos inophils as cytotoxic in dystrophin-deficient muscle.
Journal ArticleDOI
Implementation of Endogenous and Exogenous Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells for Skeletal Tissue Regeneration and Repair.
TL;DR: Each of the two strategies have their own advantages and limitations, especially when considering the diverse microenvironments of different skeletal tissues like bone, tendon/ligament, and cartilage/fibrocartilage.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery after strenuous exercise depends on skeletal muscle size and stem cell characteristics.
Philipp Baumert,Philipp Baumert,S. Temple,J.M. Stanley,Matthew Cocks,Juliette A. Strauss,Sam O. Shepherd,Barry Drust,Mark Lake,Claire E. Stewart,Robert M. Erskine,Robert M. Erskine +11 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that repeated maximal sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue accompanied with a prolonged strength loss in hamstring muscles, and the immediate hamstring strength loss was linked to both central and peripheral fatigue.
Journal ArticleDOI
Could a functional artificial skeletal muscle be useful in muscle wasting
TL;DR: A series of studies presenting tissue engineering-based approaches to reconstruct artificial muscle in vitro and in vivo are proposed, advocating the suitability of this technology for human application upon scaling up and a near future applicability for medical care of muscle wasting.
Journal ArticleDOI
Exosomes as mediators and biomarkers in fibrosis.
TL;DR: Recent findings on exosomes in fibrotic diseases are summarized, with a special focus onExosomal cargo dysregulation and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic value in fibrosis.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Alternative activation of macrophages
TL;DR: The evidence in favour of alternative macrophage activation by the TH2-type cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 is assessed, and its limits and relevance to a range of immune and inflammatory conditions are defined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization.
Alberto Mantovani,Alberto Mantovani,Antonio Sica,Silvano Sozzani,Silvano Sozzani,Paola Allavena,Annunciata Vecchi,Massimo Locati +7 more
TL;DR: Recent evidence suggests that differential modulation of the chemokine system integrates polarized macrophages in pathways of resistance to, or promotion of, microbial pathogens and tumors, or immunoregulation, tissue repair and remodeling.
Journal ArticleDOI
Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity
Siamon Gordon,Philip R. Taylor +1 more
TL;DR: Recent studies have shown that monocyte heterogeneity is conserved in humans and mice, allowing dissection of its functional relevance: the different monocyte subsets seem to reflect developmental stages with distinct physiological roles, such as recruitment to inflammatory lesions or entry to normal tissues.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dystrophin: The protein product of the duchenne muscular dystrophy locus
TL;DR: The identification of the mdx mouse as an animal model for DMD has important implications with regard to the etiology of the lethal DMD phenotype, and the protein dystrophin is named because of its identification via the isolation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers.
TL;DR: In the course of an electron microscopic study of the peripheral region of the skeletal muscle fiber of the frog, the presence of certain cells, intimately associated with the muscle fiber, have been observed which the authors have chosen to call satellite cells.