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Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology.

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TLDR
A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.
Abstract
Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.
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Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production.

TL;DR: Here, the natural resistance of plant cell walls to microbial and enzymatic deconstruction is considered, collectively known as “biomass recalcitrance,” which is largely responsible for the high cost of lignocellulose conversion.
Journal ArticleDOI

Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: noncomplexed cellulase systems.

TL;DR: It is suggested that it is timely to revisit and reinvigorate functional modeling of cellulose hydrolysis and that this would be highly beneficial if not necessary in order to bring to bear the large volume of information available on cellulase components on the primary applications that motivate interest in the subject.
Journal ArticleDOI

Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks.

TL;DR: The different technologies for producing fuel ethanol from sucrose-containing feedstocks (mainly sugar cane, starchy materials and lignocellulosic biomass) are described along with the major research trends for improving them.
Journal ArticleDOI

Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle- and long-term

TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the art of hydrolysis-fermentation technologies to produce ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, as well as developing technologies, are evaluated.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Optimized mixtures of recombinant Humicola insolens cellulases for the biodegradation of crystalline cellulose.

TL;DR: The digestion of bacterial cellulose ribbons by ternary mixtures of enzymes consisting of recombinant cellulases (two cellobiohydrolases, Cel6A and Cel7A, and the endoglucanase Cel45A) from Humicola insolens was investigated over a wide range of mixture composition.
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Concerted evolution of ruminant stomach lysozymes. Characterization of lysozyme cDNA clones from sheep and deer.

TL;DR: The 3'-untranslated portion of the lysozyme genes appears to have escaped from concerted evolution due to inability to initiate concerted evolution, rather than due to reduced sequence similarity.
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Transformation of Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain JW/SL‐YS485 with plasmid pIKM1 conferring kanamycin resistance

TL;DR: This work reports the first unequivocal transformation of a Gram-positive, thermophilic, anaerobic microorganism, Thermoanaerobacterium, with the kanamycin resistance-mediating plasmid pIKM1, based on the Escherichia coli–Clostridium acetobutylicum shuttle vector pIMP1.
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Construction of a recombinant wine yeast strain expressing beta-(1,4)-endoglucanase and its use in microvinification processes

TL;DR: By using this transformation protocol, a filamentous fungal beta-(1,4)-endoglucanase gene has been expressed in an industrial wine yeast under the control of the yeast actin gene promoter, producing a wine with an increased fruity aroma.
Journal ArticleDOI

β-Glucosidases from Five Black Aspergillus Species: Study of Their Physico-Chemical and Biocatalytic Properties

TL;DR: Five black Aspergillus strains cultivated on crude wheat arabinoxylan as the carbon source under defined pH, temperature, and oxygen conditions found acidic proteins and most of them appeared to be glycoproteins with a molecular mass between 93 and 142 kDa.
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