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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum from northern Pacific marine mammals.

TLDR
Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis, which is primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data.
Abstract
Individual specimens of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern Pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 Anisakis taxa, 8 Pseudoterranova taxa, 4 Contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. Partial 28S (LSU) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) ribosomal DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Sequences of ITS indicated that Pseudoterranova specimens from Zalophus californianus (California sea lion), Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephant seal), Phoca vitulina (harbor seal), Enhydra lutris (sea otter), and Eumetopias jubatus (Steller's sea lion) exactly matched P. decipiens s. str., extending the host and geographic range of this species. Anisakis from northern Pacific marine mammals were most closely related to members of the A. simplex species complex. Comparison of Anisakis ITS sequences diagnosed the presence of A. simplex C in 2 M. angustirostris hosts, which is a new host record. Anisakis specimens from Phocoena phocoena (harbor porpoise), Lissodelphis borealis (Pacific rightwhale porpoise), and E. jubatus included 3 ITS sequences that did not match any known species. Contracaecum adults obtained from Z. californianus were most closely related to C. ogmorhini s.l. and C. rudolphii, but ITS sequences of these Contracaecum specimens did not match C. ogmorhini s. str. or C. margolisi. These novel Anisakis and Contracaecum ITS sequences may represent previously uncharacterized species. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU sequences revealed strong support for the monophyly of Anisakinae, Contracaecum plus Phocascaris, Pseudoterranova, and Anisakis. Phylogenetic trees inferred from ITS sequences yielded robustly supported relationships for Pseudoterranova and Anisakis species that are primarily consistent with previously published phenograms based on multilocus electrophoretic data.

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Book ChapterDOI

Advances and trends in the molecular systematics of anisakid nematodes, with implications for their evolutionary ecology and host-parasite co-evolutionary processes.

TL;DR: Examples in which anisakid nematodes recognized genetically at the species level in definitive and intermediate/paratenic hosts from various geographical areas of the Boreal and Austral regions and their infection levels have been used as biological indicators of fish stocks and food-web integrity in areas at high versus low levels of habitat disturbance are presented.
Book ChapterDOI

Molecular Epidemiology of Anisakis and Anisakiasis: An Ecological and Evolutionary Road Map.

TL;DR: This review addresses the biodiversity, biology, distribution, ecology, epidemiology, and consumer health significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural hosts and in human accidental host populations, worldwide.
Journal ArticleDOI

Risk factors for human Anisakis infection and association between the geographic origins of Scomber japonicus and anisakid nematodes.

TL;DR: It is suggested that anisakiasis in Japan is mainly caused by A. simplex sensu stricto because it penetrates the muscle of the fish at a higher rate than A. pegreffii.
Journal ArticleDOI

First molecular identification of the zoonotic parasite Anisakis pegreffii(Nematoda: Anisakidae) in a paraffin-embedded granuloma taken from a case of human intestinal anisakiasis in Italy

TL;DR: This is the first instance of human intestinal anisakiasis diagnosed using PCR of DNA purified from a fixed eosinophilic granuloma embedded in paraffin, reinforcing the pathological significance of the species A. pegreffii to humans.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

SSCP-based identification of members within the Pseudoterranova decipiens complex (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) using genetic markers in the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA

TL;DR: The anisakid nematodes morphologically corresponding with Pseudoterranova decipiens sensu lato from different seal or sea lion hosts and geographical origins, previously identified as Pseudotorranova krabbei, were characterized using a DNA approach and should have important implications for studying the life-cycles, transmission patterns, epidemiology and population genetics of these anisaks.
Journal ArticleDOI

Species delimitation and nematode biodiversity: phylogenies rule

Steven A. Nadler
- 01 Jan 2002 - 
TL;DR: Molecular data are used to test the hypothesis that hookworms parasitic in northern fur seals and in California sea lions represent separate species and the merits of evolutionary approaches are contrasted to inherent problems in similarity-based methods.
Journal ArticleDOI

Genetic markers in ribosomal DNA for hookworm identification.

TL;DR: The present study demonstrated that the ITS+ provides genetic markers for the delineation of each species examined and suggests that this region of rDNA will be useful for the identification of other hookworms from a range of hosts.
Journal ArticleDOI

Genetic divergence and reproductive isolation between Anisakis brevispiculata and Anisakis physeteris (Nematoda: Anisakidae)s.

TL;DR: The reproductive isolation between A. brevispiculata and A. physeteris is indicated by the following observations: no F(1) hybrids or recombinant genotypes were until now observed; and the two Anisakis species do not seem to share their definitive hosts.
Journal ArticleDOI

Allozyme and morphological identification of shape Anisakis, Contracaecum and Pseudoterranova from Japanese waters (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea)

TL;DR: Allozyme markers were used to identify anisakid nematodes from marine Japanese waters, morphologically assigned to three species complexes: Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum osculatum and Pseudoterranova decipiens, which was found to correspond morphologically to Porrocaecum azarasi, previously considered a synonym of P.decipiens.
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