In this article, the authors performed a statistical analysis of 21 years of ozone and temperature observations across the rural eastern U.S. for two precursor emission regimes, before and after 2002, the climate penalty factor was consistent across the distribution of ozone observations.
Abstract:
[1] Higher temperatures caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are predicted to exacerbate photochemical smog if precursor emissions remain constant. We perform a statistical analysis of 21 years of ozone and temperature observations across the rural eastern U.S. The climate penalty factor is defined as the slope of the ozone/temperature relationship. For two precursor emission regimes, before and after 2002, the climate penalty factor was consistent across the distribution of ozone observations. Prior to 2002, ozone increased by an average of ∼3.2 ppbv/°C. After 2002, power plant NOx emissions were reduced by 43%, ozone levels fell ∼10%, and the climate penalty factor dropped to ∼2.2 ppbv/°C. NOx controls are effective for reducing photochemical smog and might lessen the severity of projected climate change penalties. Air quality models should be evaluated against these observations, and the climate penalty factor metric may be useful for evaluating the response of ozone to climate change.
TL;DR: The effects of particulate matter, gaseous pollutants (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide), and mixed traffic-related air pollution are discussed, focusing on clinical studies published in the previous 5 years.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review examines current understanding of the processes regulating tropospheric ozone at global to local scales from both measurements and models and takes the view that knowledge across the scales is important for dealing with air quality and climate change in a synergistic manner.
TL;DR: Estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios, but confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.
TL;DR: Empirical results on real-world data indicate that certain methods are indeed able to distinguish cause from effect using only purely observational data, although more benchmark data would be needed to obtain statistically significant conclusions.
TL;DR: Global warming is expected to affect the start, duration, and intensity of the pollen season, and the rate of asthma exacerbations due to air pollution, respiratory infections, and/or cold air inhalation, and other conditions on the other hand.
TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
TL;DR: In this article, statistical methods in the Atmospheric Sciences are used to estimate the probability of a given event to be a hurricane or tropical cyclone, and the probability is determined by statistical methods.
TL;DR: The second edition of "Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition" as mentioned in this paper presents and explains techniques used in atmospheric data summarization, analysis, testing, and forecasting.
Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Observed relationships of ozone air pollution with temperature and emissions" ?
The authors perform a statistical analysis of 21 years of ozone and temperature observations across the rural eastern U. S. Prior to 2002, ozone increased by an average of 3. 2 ppbv/ C. After 2002, power plant NOx emissions were reduced by 43 %, ozone levels fell 10 %, and the climate penalty factor dropped to 2. 2 ppbv/ C. NOx controls are effective for reducing photochemical smog and might lessen the severity of projected climate change penalties.
Q2. What future works have the authors mentioned in the paper "Observed relationships of ozone air pollution with temperature and emissions" ?
Essentially, the authors are using the variability of the natural system ( ‘ ‘ today ’ s atmosphere ’ ’ ) to quantify the empirical relation between ozone and temperature and are suggesting this relation serves as a starting point for how the future atmosphere will behave. Applying the CPF reported here to other geographic regions or future climatic conditions requires theoretical development and/or proper analysis of model calculations. Further details of the statistical significance are given in the auxiliary material.
Q3. What are the main assumptions used in parametric tests?
In general, parametric tests rely on strict assumptions about the probability distribution of the data, such as assuming the distribution is Gaussian.
Q4. What is the way to evaluate the effects of climate change on air quality?
Air quality models need evaluation using observations to assess model performance and to establish confidence in the effect of climate change on surface ozone.
Q5. What is the significance of the climate change penalty in the mid-atlantic?
Their analysis indicates that the climate change penalty in air quality decreases when ozone precursor emissions are reduced, as suggested by modeling studies [e.g., Wu et al., 2008].
Q6. What is the ozone concentration and temperature?
Temperature is observed with platinum wire resistance thermometers or thermistors and ozone amounts are measured using a UV absorbance method.
Q7. What is the significance of the differences in ozone, temperature, and climate penalty factor?
Both parametric and non-parametric techniques were applied for determining the significance of the differences in ozone, temperature, and the climate penalty factor as discussed above.