Journal ArticleDOI
Reorganization of corticospinal pathways following spinal cord injury.
TLDR
The data support the notion of a limited flexible relationship between primary motor cortex and its target muscles following alterations of normal input-output patterns and suggest enhanced excitability of motor pathways targeting muscles rostral to the level of a spinal transection.Abstract:
To assess changes in the relationship between cortical motor representation areas and their target muscles following spinal cord lesions, we studied motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation in six patients with complete spinal cord injuries at low thoracic levels and eight healthy subjects. Magnetic stimulation at rest activated a larger fraction of the motoneuron pool and evoked MEPs with shorter latencies from a larger number of scalp positions in muscles immediately rostral to the level of a spinal cord injury than in corresponding muscles in controls. The MEPs associated with maximal voluntary activation were not significantly different in the two groups. These results suggest enhanced excitability of motor pathways targeting muscles rostral to the level of a spinal transection, reflecting reorganization of motor pathways either within cortical motor representation areas or at the level of the spinal cord. The data do not allow the determination of the contribution of spinal or cortical mechanisms. However, they support the notion of a limited flexible relationship between primary motor cortex and its target muscles following alterations of normal input-output patterns.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Treatment-Induced Cortical Reorganization After Stroke in Humans
TL;DR: This is the first demonstration in humans of a long-term alteration in brain function associated with a therapy-induced improvement in the rehabilitation of movement after neurological injury.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plasticity and primary motor cortex.
Jerome N. Sanes,John P. Donoghue +1 more
TL;DR: The intrinsic horizontal neuronal connections in MI are a strong candidate substrate for map reorganization: They interconnect large regions of MI, they show activity-dependent plasticity, and they modify in association with skill learning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rapid Plasticity of Human Cortical Movement Representation Induced by Practice
TL;DR: Training rapidly, and transiently, established a change in the cortical network representing the thumb, which encoded kinematic details of the practiced movement, suggesting that this phenomenon may be regarded as a short-term memory for movement and be the first step of skill acquisition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications
Steven C. Cramer,Mriganka Sur,Bruce H. Dobkin,Charles J O'Brien,Terence D. Sanger,John Q. Trojanowski,Judith M. Rumsey,Ramona Hicks,Judy L. Cameron,Daofen Chen,Wen G. Chen,Leonardo G. Cohen,Christopher deCharms,Charles J. Duffy,Guinevere F. Eden,Eberhard E. Fetz,Rosemarie Filart,Michelle Freund,Steven J. Grant,Suzanne N. Haber,Peter W. Kalivas,Bryan Kolb,Arthur F. Kramer,Minda Lynch,Helen S. Mayberg,Patrick S. McQuillen,Ralph Nitkin,Alvaro Pascual-Leone,Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz,Nicholas D. Schiff,Anu Sharma,Lana Shekim,Michael P. Stryker,Edith V. Sullivan,Sophia Vinogradov +34 more
TL;DR: Integration of information across disciplines should enhance opportunities for the translation of neuroplasticity and circuit retraining research into effective clinical therapies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury
TL;DR: Functional and anatomical evidence exists that spontaneous plasticity can be potentiated by activity, as well as by specific experimental manipulations, which prepare the way to a better understanding of rehabilitation treatments and to the development of new approaches to treat spinal cord injury.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
PROGRESSION OF CHANGE FOLLOWING MEDIAN NERVE SECTION IN THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE HAND IN AREAS 3b AND 1 IN ADULT OWL AND SQUIRREL MONKEYS
TL;DR: The results of studies directed toward determining the time course and likely mechanisms underlying this remarkable plasticity of the cortex representing the skin of the median nerve within parietal somatosensory fields 3b and 1 are described.
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Motor reorganization after upper limb amputation in man. A study with focal magnetic stimulation.
TL;DR: Motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked larger MEPs, recruited a larger percentage of the motoneuron pool, and elicited MEPs at lower intensities of stimulation in muscles ipsilateral to the stump than in contralateral muscles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Divergent projection of individual corticospinal axons to motoneurons of multiple muscles in the monkey.
Yoshikazu Shinoda,Yoshikazu Shinoda,Jun-ichi Yokota,Jun-ichi Yokota,Takahiro Futami,Takahiro Futami +5 more
TL;DR: Intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase of physiologically identified corticospinal axons originating from the monkey motor cortex revealed the intraspinal morphology of their branching patterns.
Journal ArticleDOI
Serotonergic facilitation of facial motoneuron excitation.
TL;DR: It is concluded that 5-HT in the facial nucleus functions in a manner that is not analagous to direct excitation, but rather acts as a gain setter to enhance the effects of excitatory afferent inputs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations
Leonardo G. Cohen,Bradley J. Roth,Jan Nilsson,Nguyet Dang,M. Panizza,Stefania Bandinelli,Walter S. Friauf,Mark Hallett +7 more
TL;DR: The butterfly-shaped coil induced the largest currents under its center, where the circumferences of the two component coils come together, and the component of the electric field parallel to the wire in the center of this coil was the largest and most localized.