Journal ArticleDOI
Residual stress. Part 1 – Measurement techniques
TLDR
In this paper, the effect of residual stresses on fatigue lifetimes and structural integrity are first summarised, followed by the definition and measurement of residual stress, which are characterised according to the characteristic length scale over which they self-equilibrate.Abstract:
Residual stress is that which remains in a body that is stationary and at equilibrium with its surroundings. It can be very detrimental to the performance of a material or the life of a component. Alternatively, beneficial residual stresses can be introduced deliberately. Residual stresses are more difficult to predict than the in-service stresses on which they superimpose. For this reason, it is important to have reliable methods for the measurement of these stresses and to understand the level of information they can provide. In this paper, which is the first part of a two part overview, the effect of residual stresses on fatigue lifetimes and structural integrity are first summarised, followed by the definition and measurement of residual stresses. Different types of stress are characterised according to the characteristic length scale over which they self-equilibrate. By comparing this length to the gauge volume of each technique, the capability of a range of techniques is assessed. In the sec...read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Integrating Materials Model-Based Definitions into Design, Manufacturing, and Sustainment: A Digital Twin Demonstration of Incorporating Residual Stresses in the Lifecycle Analysis of a Turbine Disk
TL;DR: A CAD-based tool to store and retrieve metadata using point objects within a CAD model, creating linkages to spatial locations within the component, for storage and retrieval of bulk residual stresses developed during the manufacturing of a turbine disk acquired from process modeling and characterization.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards the Optimization of Post-Laser Powder Bed Fusion Stress-Relieve Treatments of Stainless Steel 316L
Maximilian Sprengel,Alexander Ulbricht,Alexander Evans,Arne Kromm,K. Sommer,Tiago Werner,Joe Kelleher,Giovanni Bruno,Giovanni Bruno,Thomas Kannengiesser,Thomas Kannengiesser +10 more
Abstract: The use of post-processing heat treatments is often considered a necessary approach to relax high-magnitude residual stresses (RS) formed during the layerwise additive manufacturing laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). In this work, three heat treatment strategies using temperatures of 450 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C are applied to austenitic stainless steel 316L samples manufactured by LPBF. These temperatures encompass the suggested lower and upper bounds of heat treatment temperatures of conventionally processed 316L. The relaxation of the RS is characterized by neutron diffraction (ND), and the associated changes of the microstructure are analyzed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lower bound heat treatment variant of 450 °C for 4 hours exhibited high tensile and compressive RS. When applying subsequent heat treatments, we show that stress gradients are still observed after applying 800 °C for 1 hour but almost completely vanish when applying 900 °C for 1 hour. The observed near complete relaxation of the RS appears to be closely related to the evolution of the characteristic subgrain solidification cellular microstructure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative evaluation of residual stresses in vacuum electron beam welded high strength steel S960QL and S960M butt joints
TL;DR: In this paper, the residual stress induced by the high vacuum electron beam welding (EBW) of two high strength steels (HSS) i.e. quenched and tempered (Q+T) steel and thermo mechanical controlled steel (TMCP) with plate thickness 15mm was analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fracture failure analysis in compression spring of a wagon torpedo
J.M.A.M. Rocha,André Rocha Pimenta,Sandro Rosa Correa,M. P. Cindra Fonseca,Marilia Garcia Diniz +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), quantitative chemical analysis by combustion and x-ray fluorescence, Vickers microhardness test (HV), Rockwell superficial hardness with N scale (HRN), and residual stress analysis by xray diffraction to identify and evaluate the reasons that led to a compression spring failure.
Study of Residual Stress Tensors in High-Speed Milled Specimens of Aluminium Alloys Using a Method of Indent Pairs
TL;DR: In this paper, a method integrating a special device of indentation into a universal measuring machine, allowing the introduction of elongated indents to significantly reduce the absolute error of measurement.
References
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Book
Elements of X-ray diffraction
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a chemical analysis of X-ray diffraction by Xray Spectrometry and phase-diagram Determination of single crystal structures and phase diagrams.
Book
Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
K. H. Jürgen Buschow,Robert W. Cahn,Merton C. Flemings,Bernhard Ilschner,Edward J. Kramer,Subhash Mahajan +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental core theory of functional properties and properties of materials are discussed. But the authors focus on the physical properties of thin films and artificial multilayers, rather than the structural properties of the materials themselves.
Journal ArticleDOI
Residual stress. Part 2 – Nature and origins
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the nature and origins of residual stresses across a range of scales, from the long range residual stress fields in engineering components and welded structures, through the interphase stresses present in composites and coatings, to the microscale interactions of phase transformations with local stresses.
Book
Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a sequence of residual stress measurements made to determine a Handbook on Stiffness & Damping in Mechanical Design, which can be used to compare different methods of measuring residual stress.