Reversal of an ancient sex chromosome to an autosome in Drosophila
Beatriz Vicoso,Doris Bachtrog +1 more
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TLDR
The results reveal several puzzling aspects of Drosophila dot chromosome biology to be possible remnants of its former life as a sex chromosome, such as its minor feminizing role in sex determination or its targeting by a chromosome-specific regulatory mechanism.Abstract:
Although transitions of sex-determination mechanisms are frequent in species with homomorphic sex chromosomes, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are thought to represent a terminal evolutionary stage owing to chromosome-specific adaptations such as dosage compensation or an accumulation of sex-specific mutations. Here we show that an autosome of Drosophila, the dot chromosome, was ancestrally a differentiated X chromosome. We analyse the whole genome of true fruitflies (Tephritidae), flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) and soldier flies (Stratiomyidae) to show that genes located on the dot chromosome of Drosophila are X-linked in outgroup species, whereas Drosophila X-linked genes are autosomal. We date this chromosomal transition to early drosophilid evolution by sequencing the genome of other Drosophilidae. Our results reveal several puzzling aspects of Drosophila dot chromosome biology to be possible remnants of its former life as a sex chromosome, such as its minor feminizing role in sex determination or its targeting by a chromosome-specific regulatory mechanism. We also show that patterns of biased gene expression of the dot chromosome during early embryogenesis, oogenesis and spermatogenesis resemble that of the current X chromosome. Thus, although sex chromosomes are not necessarily evolutionary end points and can revert back to an autosomal inheritance, the highly specialized genome architecture of this former X chromosome suggests that severe fitness costs must be overcome for such a turnover to occur.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?
Doris Bachtrog,Judith E. Mank,Catherine L. Peichel,Mark Kirkpatrick,Sarah P. Otto,Tia-Lynn Ashman,Matthew W. Hahn,Jun Kitano,Itay Mayrose,Ray Ming,Nicolas Perrin,Laura Ross,Nicole Valenzuela,Jana C. Vamosi +13 more
TL;DR: The current understanding of how and why sex determination evolves in animals and plants is reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Numerous transitions of sex chromosomes in Diptera.
Beatriz Vicoso,Doris Bachtrog +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used whole-genome analysis in 37 fly species belonging to 22 different families of Diptera and uncover tremendous hidden diversity in sex chromosome karyotypes among flies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) Reveals an Extraordinary Number of Transitions among Gecko Sex-Determining Systems
Tony Gamble,Tony Gamble,Jessi Coryell,Tariq Ezaz,Joshua Lynch,Daniel P. Scantlebury,David Zarkower +6 more
TL;DR: Support is found for the hypothesis that sex chromosome systems can readily become trap-like and it is found that adding even a small number of species from understudied clades can greatly enhance hypothesis testing in a model-based phylogenetic framework.
Sex-Specific Adaptation Drives Early Sex Chromosome Evolution In Drosophila
TL;DR: Zhou et al. as mentioned in this paper studied the evolution of the sex chromosomes of Drosophila miranda, where a neo-Y chromosome originated only approximately 1 million years ago.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex Determination, Sex Chromosomes, and Karyotype Evolution in Insects
TL;DR: A large database on karyotypes and sex chromosomes in insects, containing information on over 13000 species covering 29 orders of insects, is established, which constitutes a unique starting point to report phylogenetic patterns on the distribution of sex determination mechanisms, sex chromosomes, and karyotype among insects.
References
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The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae
Robert A. Holt,G. Mani Subramanian,Aaron L. Halpern,Granger G. Sutton,Rosane Charlab,Deborah R. Nusskern,Patrick Wincker,Andrew G. Clark,José M. C. Ribeiro,Ron Wides,Steven L. Salzberg,Brendan J. Loftus,Mark Yandell,William H. Majoros,William H. Majoros,Douglas B. Rusch,Zhongwu Lai,Cheryl L. Kraft,Josep F. Abril,Véronique Anthouard,Peter Arensburger,Peter W. Atkinson,Holly Baden,Véronique de Berardinis,Danita Baldwin,Vladimir Benes,Jim Biedler,Claudia Blass,Randall Bolanos,Didier Boscus,Mary Barnstead,Shuang Cai,Kabir Chatuverdi,George K. Christophides,Mathew A. Chrystal,Michele Clamp,Anibal Cravchik,Val Curwen,Ali N Dana,Arthur L. Delcher,Ian M. Dew,Cheryl A. Evans,Michael Flanigan,Anne Grundschober-Freimoser,Lisa Friedli,Zhiping Gu,Ping Guan,Roderic Guigó,Maureen E. Hillenmeyer,Susanne L. Hladun,James R. Hogan,Young S. Hong,Jeffrey Hoover,Olivier Jaillon,Zhaoxi Ke,Zhaoxi Ke,Chinnappa D. Kodira,Kokoza Eb,Anastasios C. Koutsos,Ivica Letunic,Alex Levitsky,Yong Liang,Jhy-Jhu Lin,Jhy-Jhu Lin,Neil F. Lobo,John Lopez,Joel A. Malek,Tina C. McIntosh,Stephan Meister,Jason R. Miller,Clark M. Mobarry,Emmanuel Mongin,Sean D. Murphy,David A. O'Brochta,Cynthia Pfannkoch,Rong Qi,Megan A. Regier,Karin A. Remington,Hongguang Shao,Maria V. Sharakhova,Cynthia Sitter,Jyoti Shetty,Thomas J. Smith,Renee Strong,Jingtao Sun,Dana Thomasova,Lucas Q. Ton,Pantelis Topalis,Zhijian Tu,Maria F. Unger,Brian P. Walenz,Aihui Wang,Jian Wang,Mei Wang,X. Wang,Kerry J. Woodford,Jennifer R. Wortman,Jennifer R. Wortman,Martin Wu,Alison Yao,Evgeny M. Zdobnov,Hongyu Zhang,Qi Zhao,Shaying Zhao,Shiaoping C. Zhu,Igor F. Zhimulev,Mario Coluzzi,Alessandra della Torre,Charles Roth,Christos Louis,Francis Kalush,Richard J. Mural,Eugene W. Myers,Mark Raymond Adams,Hamilton O. Smith,Samuel Broder,Malcolm J. Gardner,Claire M. Fraser,Ewan Birney,Peer Bork,Paul T. Brey,J. Craig Venter,J. Craig Venter,Jean Weissenbach,Fotis C. Kafatos,Frank H. Collins,Stephen L. Hoffman +126 more
TL;DR: Analysis of the PEST strain of A. gambiae revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts, and prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted.