Role of glutathione in plant signaling under biotic stress.
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TLDR
Previous knowledge and recent discoveries are integrated to better understand the involvement of glutathione in the pad2-1 pleiotropic phenotype observed during biotic stresses.Abstract:
Glutathione (GSH) is a non-protein thiol compound which has been repeatedly reported to play an important role in plant responses during biotic stresses. However, our knowledge of glutathione-related molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense responses still remains limited. We first discovered that the Arabidopsis thaliana phytoalexin deficient 2-1 (pad2-1) mutant was linked to glutathione deficiency since the mutation was identified in the GSH1 gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis: Glutamate Cysteine Ligase (GCL). Interestingly, this glutathione-deficient mutant pad2-1 also displays a high susceptibility to a wide range of invaders. We recently reported that the glutathione deficiency in pad2-1 is directly related to a low content of GCL protein. In parallel, we highlighted that the altered redox potential in pad2-1 upregulates the oxidative-stress marker genes GR1, GSTF6 and RbohD during infection with the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora brassicae. Moreover, the impairment of early signaling events such as plasma membrane depolarization, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species also correlates with the reduced hypersensitive response (HR) observed during P. brassicae infection. Concerning the impaired salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathway in pad2-1, our results indicated that transcripts of IsoChorismate Synthase1 (ICS1, a main enzyme of SA biosynthesis) do not accumulate in response to pathogen. In this review, we integrate previous knowledge and recent discoveries about pad2-1 to better understand the involvement of glutathione in the pad2-1 pleiotropic phenotype observed during biotic stresses.read more
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A Central Role for Thiols in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress
TL;DR: The roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds, are discussed.
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Salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species interplay in the transcriptional control of defense genes expression
TL;DR: This review focuses on the evidence that links SA, ROS, and GSH signals to the transcriptional control of defense genes, and discusses how redox modifications of regulators and co-regulators involved in SA-mediated transcriptional responses control the temporal patterns of gene expression in response to stress.
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Selenium Fertilization Alters the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Constituents of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)
Michela Schiavon,Stefano Dall'Acqua,Anna Mietto,Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits,Paolo Sambo,Antonio Masi,Mario Malagoli +6 more
TL;DR: Tomato fruits can be safely enriched with Se, and Se biofortification may enhance levels of other neutraceutical compounds.
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Glutamate Receptor-Like Channel3.3 Is Involved in Mediating Glutathione-Triggered Cytosolic Calcium Transients, Transcriptional Changes, and Innate Immunity Responses in Arabidopsis
TL;DR: It is reported that transient rises in cytosolic calcium triggered by exogenous GSH in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves were sensitive to GLR antagonists and abolished in loss-of-function atglr3.3 mutants, which suggest that AtGLR 3.3 is required for several signaling effects mediated by extracellular GSH, even though these effects may not be causally related.
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ATP-sulfurylase, sulfur-compounds, and plant stress tolerance.
Naser A. Anjum,Ritu Gill,Manjeri Kaushik,Mirza Hasanuzzaman,Eduarda Pereira,Iqbal Ahmad,Narendra Tuteja,Sarvajeet Singh Gill +7 more
TL;DR: Sulfur (S) stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K, and ATP-sulfurylase catalyzes SO42--activation and yields activated high-energy compound adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide (S2-) and incorporated into cysteine (Cys), a major component of GSH, h-GSH, and PCs.
References
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Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview.
Graham Noctor,Amna Mhamdi,Sejir Chaouch,Yi Han,Jenny Neukermans,Belén Márquez-García,Guillaume Queval,Christine H. Foyer +7 more
TL;DR: How alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades are discussed and how these alterations are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways.
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The ROOT MERISTEMLESS1/CADMIUM SENSITIVE2 Gene Defines a Glutathione-Dependent Pathway Involved in Initiation and Maintenance of Cell Division during Postembryonic Root Development
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Journal ArticleDOI
Arabidopsis local resistance to Botrytis cinerea involves salicylic acid and camalexin and requires EDS4 and PAD2, but not SID2, EDS5 or PAD4.
TL;DR: Data indicate that local resistance to B. cinerea requires ethylene-, jasmonate-, and SA-mediated signaling, that the SA affecting this resistance does not require ICS1 and is likely synthesized via PAL, and that camalexin limits lesion development.
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of phytoalexin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterization of their interactions with bacterial pathogens
TL;DR: Infection of pad mutant plants with strains carrying cloned avirulence genes revealed that the pad mutations did not affect the plants' ability to restrict the growth of these strains, suggesting that in A. thaliana, phytoalexin biosynthesis is not required for resistance to avirulent P. syringae pathogens.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evidence for a Direct Link between Glutathione Biosynthesis and Stress Defense Gene Expression in Arabidopsis
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TL;DR: The mutant regulator of APX2 1-1 (rax1-1) was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed normally photooxidative stress-inducible ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE2 (APX2) and had ≥50% lowered foliar glutathione levels, suggesting that changes in glutATHione metabolism may be one means of integrating the function of several signaling pathways.