Journal ArticleDOI
Secure Blockchains for Dynamic Spectrum Access: A Decentralized Database in Moving Cognitive Radio Networks Enhances Security and User Access
Khashayar Kotobi,Sven G. Bilén +1 more
TLDR
A secure blockchain verification protocol is proposed as a method for enabling and securing spectrum sharing in moving cognitive radio (CR) networks and outperforms the conventional system in moderate cases of small-scale fading, and in the case of severe small- scale fading, the blockchain protocol will outperform theventional system if multipath diversity is not used.Abstract:
In this article, we propose a blockchain verification protocol as a method for enabling and securing spectrum sharing in moving cognitive radio (CR) networks. The spectrum-sharing mechanism is used as a medium-access protocol for accessing wireless bandwidth among competing CRs. We introduce a virtual currency, called Specoins, for payment to access the spectrum. An auction mechanism based on a first-come-first-served queue is used, with the price for the spectrum advertised by each primary user in a decentralized fashion. The blockchain protocol facilitates the transactions between primary and secondary users and is used to validate and save each user's virtual wallet. Also important for mobile networks, the blockchain serves as a distributed database that is visible by all participating parties, and any node can volunteer to update the blockchain. The volunteer nodes are called miners, and they are awarded with Specoins. We propose diverse methods to exchange the Specoins to make leasing possible even by CRs that are not miners. We show the improvement of the proposed algorithm compared with the conventional Aloha medium-access protocol in terms of spectrum usage. This difference is investigated using small-scale fading variation in the wireless channel to compare the performance of our secure method with the conventional medium access used in vehicular communications. The secure blockchain verification protocol is not only secure but also outperforms the conventional system in moderate cases of small-scale fading. In the case of severe small-scale fading, the blockchain protocol will outperform the conventional system if multipath diversity is not used.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
6G Wireless Networks: Vision, Requirements, Architecture, and Key Technologies
Zhengquan Zhang,Yue Xiao,Zheng Ma,Ming Xiao,Zhiguo Ding,Xianfu Lei,George K. Karagiannidis,Pingzhi Fan +7 more
TL;DR: This article presents a large-dimensional and autonomous network architecture that integrates space, air, ground, and underwater networks to provide ubiquitous and unlimited wireless connectivity and identifies several promising technologies for the 6G ecosystem.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks
Wenbo Wang,Dinh Thai Hoang,Peizhao Hu,Zehui Xiong,Dusit Niyato,Ping Wang,Yonggang Wen,Dong In Kim +7 more
TL;DR: This paper provides a systematic vision of the organization of the blockchain networks, a comprehensive survey of the emerging applications of blockchain networks in a broad area of telecommunication, and discusses several open issues in the protocol design for blockchain consensus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Blockchain for Internet of Things: A Survey
TL;DR: An in-depth survey of BCoT is presented and the insights of this new paradigm are discussed and the open research directions in this promising area are outlined.
Journal ArticleDOI
Blockchain-Based Internet of Vehicles: Distributed Network Architecture and Performance Analysis
TL;DR: This paper presents a model of the outward transmission of vehicle blockchain data, and gives detail theoretical analysis and numerical results that have shown the potential to guide the application of blockchain for future vehicle networking.
Journal ArticleDOI
Blockchain for Internet of Things: A Survey
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the integration of blockchain technology with IoT and investigate the issues about using blockchain for 5G beyond in IoT as well as industrial applications of BCoT.
References
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How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document
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Cognitive radio emergency networks - requirements and design
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