Journal ArticleDOI
Sex hormones, aging, and Alzheimer's disease.
Anna M. Barron,Christian J. Pike +1 more
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A broad literature that indicates age-related losses of estrogens in women and testosterone in men are risk factors for AD is reviewed, suggesting that hormone therapies have the potential to combat AD pathogenesis.Abstract:
A promising strategy to delay and perhaps prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) is to identify the age-related changes that put the brain at risk for the disease. A significant normal age change known to result in tissue-specific dysfunction is the depletion of sex hormones. In women, menopause results in a relatively rapid loss of estradiol and progesterone. In men, aging is associated with a comparatively gradual yet significant decrease in testosterone. We review a broad literature that indicates age-related losses of estrogens in women and testosterone in men are risk factors for AD. Both estrogens and androgens exert a wide range of protective actions that improve multiple aspects of neural health, suggesting that hormone therapies have the potential to combat AD pathogenesis. However, translation of experimental findings into effective therapies has proven challenging. One emerging treatment option is the development of novel hormone mimetics termed selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators. Continued research of sex hormones and their roles in the aging brain is expected to yield valuable approaches to reducing the risk of AD.read more
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Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Rena Li,Meharvan Singh +1 more
TL;DR: This review draws on epidemiological, translational, clinical, and basic science studies to assess the impact of sex differences in cognitive function from young to old, and examines the effects of sex hormone treatments on Alzheimer's disease in men and women.
Journal ArticleDOI
Age at surgical menopause influences cognitive decline and Alzheimer pathology in older women.
Riley Bove,Elizabeth Secor,Lori B. Chibnik,Lisa L. Barnes,Julie A. Schneider,David A. Bennett,Philip L. De Jager +6 more
TL;DR: Early age at surgical menopause was associated with cognitive decline and AD neuropathology, and HRT use for at least 10 years, when administered within a 5-year perimenopausal window, wasassociated with decreased decline in global cognition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex, hormones and neurogenesis in the hippocampus: hormonal modulation of neurogenesis and potential functional implications.
Liisa A.M. Galea,Steven R. Wainwright,Meighen M. Roes,Paula Duarte-Guterman,Carmen Chow,Dwayne K. Hamson +5 more
TL;DR: Early evidence is provided of the functional links between the hormonal modulation of neurogenesis that may contribute to the regulation of cognition and stress in both male and female rodents.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Estrogen and Other Sex Hormones in Brain Aging. Neuroprotection and DNA Repair
TL;DR: Estrogen anti-aging and neuroprotective mechanisms, which are currently an area of intense study, are reviewed together with the effect they may have on the DNA repair capacity in the brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex biology contributions to vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease: A think tank convened by the Women's Alzheimer's Research Initiative.
Heather M. Snyder,Sanjay Asthana,Lisa J. Bain,Roberta Diaz Brinton,Suzanne Craft,Dena B. Dubal,Mark A. Espeland,Margaret Gatz,Michelle M. Mielke,Jacob Raber,Peter R. Rapp,Kristine Yaffe,Maria C. Carrillo +12 more
TL;DR: An expert think tank was convened to focus on the state of the science and level of evidence around gender and biological sex differences for AD, including the knowledge gaps and areas of science that need to be more fully addressed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
Jacques E. Rossouw,Garnet L. Anderson,Ross L. Prentice,Andrea Z. LaCroix,Charles Kooperberg,Marcia L. Stefanick,Rebecca D. Jackson,Shirley A.A. Beresford,Barbara V. Howard,Karen C. Johnson,Jane Morley Kotchen,Judith K. Ockene +11 more
TL;DR: Overall health risks exceeded benefits from use of combined estrogen plus progestin for an average 5.2-year follow-up among healthy postmenopausal US women, and the results indicate that this regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prevention of CHD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity on the Association Between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-analysis
Lindsay A. Farrer,L. Adrienne Cupples,Jonathan L. Haines,Bradley T. Hyman,Walter A. Kukull,Richard Mayeux,Richard H. Myers,Margaret A. Pericak-Vance,Neil Risch,Cornelia M. van Duijn +9 more
TL;DR: The APOE∈4 allele represents a major risk factor for AD in all ethnic groups studied, across all ages between 40 and 90 years, and in both men and women.
Journal ArticleDOI
2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
William Thies,Laura Bleiler +1 more
TL;DR: This report provides information to increase understanding of the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, health expenditures and costs of care, and effect on caregivers and society in general.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system.
TL;DR: Comparing the distribution of the classical and novel forms of ER mRNA‐expressing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat with in situ hybridization histochemistry provides evidence that the region‐specific expression of ER‐α, ER‐β, or both may be important in determining the physiological responses of neuronal populations to estrogen action.
Journal ArticleDOI
Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.
Shalender Bhasin,Glenn R. Cunningham,Frances J. Hayes,Alvin M. Matsumoto,Peter J. Snyder,Ronald S. Swerdloff,Victor M. Montori +6 more
TL;DR: The guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of androgen deficiency syndromes in adult men published previously in 2006 were updated by the Task Force of the Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee of The Endocrine Society.