Stratospheric sulfur and its implications for radiative forcing simulated by the chemistry climate model EMAC
TLDR
Multiyear simulations with the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC with a microphysical modal aerosol module at high vertical resolution demonstrate that the sulfur gases COS and SO2, the latter from low-latitude and midlatitude volcanic eruptions, predominantly control the formation of stratospheric aerosol.Abstract:
Multiyear simulations with the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC with a microphysical modal aerosol module at high vertical resolution demonstrate that the sulfur gases COS and SO2, the latter from low-latitude and midlatitude volcanic eruptions, predominantly control the formation of stratospheric aerosol. Marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and other SO2 sources, including strong anthropogenic emissions in China, are found to play a minor role except in the lowermost stratosphere. Estimates of volcanic SO2 emissions are based on satellite observations using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Ozone Monitoring Instrument for total injected mass and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat or Stratospheric Aerosol and Gases Experiment for the spatial distribution. The 10 year SO2 and COS data set of MIPAS is also used for model evaluation. The calculated radiative forcing of stratospheric background aerosol including sulfate from COS and small contributions by DMS oxidation, and organic aerosol from biomass burning, is about 0.07W/m2. For stratospheric sulfate aerosol from medium and small volcanic eruptions between 2005 and 2011 a global radiative forcing up to 0.2W/m2 is calculated, moderating climate warming, while for the major Pinatubo eruption the simulated forcing reaches 5W/m2, leading to temporary climate cooling. The Pinatubo simulation demonstrates the importance of radiative feedback on dynamics, e.g., enhanced tropical upwelling, for large volcanic eruptions.read more
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References
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Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies: Evaluation Number 18
James B. Burkholder,Stanley P. Sander,Jonathan P. D. Abbatt,John R. Barker,Robert E. Huie,Charles E. Kolb,M. J. Kurylo,Vladimir L. Orkin,David M. Wilmouth,Paul H. Wine +9 more
TL;DR: This is the eighteenth in a series of evaluated sets of rate constants, photochemical cross sections, heterogeneous parameters, and thermochemical parameters compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
The quasi-biennial oscillation
Mark P. Baldwin,Lesley J. Gray,Timothy J. Dunkerton,Kevin Hamilton,Peter H. Haynes,William J. Randel,James R. Holton,M. J. Alexander,Isamu Hirota,Takeshi Horinouchi,Dylan B. A. Jones,J. S. Kinnersley,C. Marquardt,Kaoru Sato,M. Takahashi +14 more
TL;DR: The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) as discussed by the authors dominates the variability of the equatorial stratosphere (∼16-50 km) and is easily seen as downward propagating easterly and westerly wind regimes, with a variable period averaging approximately 28 months.
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