The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa
Harm van Bakel,Jake Stout,Jake Stout,Atina G. Cote,Carling M Tallon,Andrew G. Sharpe,Timothy P. Hughes,Jonathan E. Page,Jonathan E. Page +8 more
TLDR
The availability of the Cannabis sativa genome enables the study of a multifunctional plant that occupies a unique role in human culture and will aid the development of therapeutic marijuana strains with tailored cannabinoid profiles and provide a basis for the breeding of hemp with improved agronomic characteristics.Abstract:
Cannabis sativa has been cultivated throughout human history as a source of fiber, oil and food, and for its medicinal and intoxicating properties. Selective breeding has produced cannabis plants for specific uses, including high-potency marijuana strains and hemp cultivars for fiber and seed production. The molecular biology underlying cannabinoid biosynthesis and other traits of interest is largely unexplored. We sequenced genomic DNA and RNA from the marijuana strain Purple Kush using shortread approaches. We report a draft haploid genome sequence of 534 Mb and a transcriptome of 30,000 genes. Comparison of the transcriptome of Purple Kush with that of the hemp cultivar 'Finola' revealed that many genes encoding proteins involved in cannabinoid and precursor pathways are more highly expressed in Purple Kush than in 'Finola'. The exclusive occurrence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase in the Purple Kush transcriptome, and its replacement by cannabidiolic acid synthase in 'Finola', may explain why the psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is produced in marijuana but not in hemp. Resequencing the hemp cultivars 'Finola' and 'USO-31' showed little difference in gene copy numbers of cannabinoid pathway enzymes. However, single nucleotide variant analysis uncovered a relatively high level of variation among four cannabis types, and supported a separation of marijuana and hemp. The availability of the Cannabis sativa genome enables the study of a multifunctional plant that occupies a unique role in human culture. Its availability will aid the development of therapeutic marijuana strains with tailored cannabinoid profiles and provide a basis for the breeding of hemp with improved agronomic characteristics.read more
Citations
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Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules
TL;DR: Prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast
Xiaozhou Luo,Michael Reiter,Leo d'Espaux,Jeff Wong,Charles Denby,Anna Lechner,Yunfeng Zhang,Adrian T. Grzybowski,Simon Harth,Weiyin Lin,Hyunsu Lee,Changhua Yu,John Shin,Kai Deng,Veronica T. Benites,G. Wang,Edward E. K. Baidoo,Yan Chen,Ishaan Dev,Christopher J. Petzold,Jay D. Keasling,Jay D. Keasling +21 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the complete biosynthesis of the major cannabinoids cannabigerolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from the simple sugar galactose.
Journal ArticleDOI
Widespread natural variation of DNA methylation within angiosperms.
Chad E. Niederhuth,Adam J. Bewick,Lexiang Ji,Magdy S. Alabady,Kyung Do Kim,Qing Li,Nicholas A. Rohr,Aditi Rambani,John M. Burke,Joshua A. Udall,Chiedozie Egesi,Jeremy Schmutz,Jane Grimwood,Scott A. Jackson,Nathan M. Springer,Robert J. Schmitz +15 more
TL;DR: The extent of variation in DNA methylation in angiosperms is revealed and patterns are shown to be broadly a reflection of the evolutionary and life histories of plant species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution of plant genome architecture
TL;DR: It is shown that the evolutionary history of all plant genomes contains multiple, cyclical episodes of whole-genome doubling that were followed by myriad fractionation processes, and that the vast majority of the variation in genome size reflects the dynamics of proliferation and loss of lineage-specific transposable elements.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization
TL;DR: This review examines the evolving ways Cannabis has been used from ancient times to the present, and how human selection has altered the morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of domesticated forms by comparison with related wild plants.
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