Journal ArticleDOI
The origin and molecular epidemiology of HIV
TLDR
The genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to increase overtime due to demographic factors such as travel and migration and frequent co/superinfections, which leads to an increasing number of drug-resistant strains, especially in resource limited countries.Abstract:
HIV-1 in humans resulted from at least four cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees and gorillas in West Central Africa, while HIV-2 viruses resulted from at least eight independent transmissions of SIVs infecting sooty mangabeys in West Africa only, where one of these transmissions (HIV-1 group M) is responsible for the global epidemic. HIV-1 M is subdivided into nine subtypes and a wide diversity of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms. The heterogenic HIV-1 M subtype/CRF distribution is the result of founder effects. The genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to increase overtime due to demographic factors such as travel and migration and frequent co/superinfections. In addition, the expanded access to antiretrovirals leads to an increasing number of drug-resistant strains, especially in resource limited countries.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection
Luis Menéndez-Arias,Mar Álvarez +1 more
TL;DR: HIV-2 strains are naturally resistant to a few antiretroviral drugs developed to suppress HIV-1 propagation such as nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, several protease inhibitors and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide.
Book ChapterDOI
Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa
TL;DR: This work reviews the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Non-human primates in HIV research: Achievements, limits and alternatives.
Thalia Garcia-Tellez,Nicolas Huot,Mickaël J.-Y. Ploquin,Philippe Rascle,Beatrice Jacquelin,Michaela Müller-Trutwin +5 more
TL;DR: Infection of non-human primates with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) recapitulates most virological, immunological and clinical hallmarks of HIV infection in humans and has become the most suitable model to study the mechanisms of transmission and physiopathology of HIV/AIDS research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overview of HIV molecular epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe and Asia.
TL;DR: The molecular epidemiology of HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Europe and Asia is summarized and Russia, Ukraine, and other Former Soviet Union states are still facing the devastating effects of epidemics in PWID produced by AFSU, IDU, and BFSU.
Journal ArticleDOI
The application of HIV molecular epidemiology to public health.
Dimitrios Paraskevis,Georgios K. Nikolopoulos,Gkikas Magiorkinis,Ioannis Hodges-Mameletzis,Angelos Hatzakis +4 more
TL;DR: Classic methods have an integral role in monitoring and evaluation of public health programmes, and should supplement emerging techniques from the field of molecular epidemiology.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Feng Gao,Elizabeth Bailes,David Robertson,Yalu Chen,Cynthia M. Rodenburg,Scott F. Michael,Scott F. Michael,Larry B. Cummins,Larry O. Arthur,Martine Peeters,George M. Shaw,Paul M. Sharp,Beatrice H. Hahn +12 more
TL;DR: The genome of a new SIVcpz strain is sequenced and the subspecies identity of all known SIV cpz-infected chimpanzees is determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, and it is found that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa harbour SIVCPz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages.
Journal ArticleDOI
Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic
Paul M. Sharp,Beatrice H. Hahn +1 more
TL;DR: Tracing the genetic changes that occurred as SIVs crossed from monkeys to apes and from apes to humans provides a new framework to examine the requirements of successful host switches and to gauge future zoonotic risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
HIV-1 Nomenclature Proposal
David Robertson,Jon P. Anderson,James Bradac,Jean K. Carr,Brian T. Foley,RK Funkhouser,Feng Gao,Beatrice H. Hahn,Marcia L. Kalish,Carla Kuiken,Gerald H. Learn,Thomas Leitner,Francine E. McCutchan,Saladin Osmanov,Martine Peeters,Danuta Pieniazek,Mika Salminen,Paul M. Sharp,Steven M. Wolinsky,Bette T. Korber +19 more
TL;DR: A clear and consistent genetic classification of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) strains continues to be of great utility in epidemiological tracking of the AIDS pandemic and in vaccine design.
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques
Daniel,Norman L. Letvin,Norval W. King,Mari Kannagi,Prabhat K. Sehgal,R. D. Hunt,Phyllis J. Kanki,Myron Essex,Ronald C. Desrosiers +8 more
TL;DR: The isolation of a T-cell tropic retrovirus from three immunodeficient macaques and one macaque with lymphoma is described, and it is indicated that it is related to the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1.
Brandon F. Keele,Fran Van Heuverswyn,Yingying Li,Elizabeth Bailes,Jun Takehisa,Mario L. Santiago,Frederic Bibollet-Ruche,Yalu Chen,Louise V. Wain,Florian Liegeois,Severin Loul,Eitel Mpoudi Ngole,Yanga Bienvenue,Eric Delaporte,John F. Y. Brookfield,Paul M. Sharp,George M. Shaw,George M. Shaw,Martine Peeters,Beatrice H. Hahn +19 more
TL;DR: By sequence analysis of endemic SIVcpz strains, this work could trace the origins of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 to distinct, geographically isolated chimpanzee communities and establish P. t.