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Showing papers on "Ant colony optimization algorithms published in 2013"


Journal ArticleDOI
Yongqiang Gao1, Haibing Guan1, Zhengwei Qi1, Yang Hou1, Liang Liu2 
TL;DR: The proposed multi-objective ant colony system algorithm to efficiently obtain a set of non-dominated solutions (the Pareto set) that simultaneously minimize total resource wastage and power consumption is proposed.

602 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research is the first application of the cuckoo search algorithm (CS) to the optimization of machining parameters in the literature, and the results demonstrate that the CS is a very effective and robust approach for the optimization for machining optimization problems.
Abstract: In this research, a new optimization algorithm, called the cuckoo search algorithm (CS) algorithm, is introduced for solving manufacturing optimization problems. This research is the first application of the CS to the optimization of machining parameters in the literature. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the CS, a milling optimization problem was solved and the results were compared with those obtained using other well-known optimization techniques like, ant colony algorithm, immune algorithm, hybrid immune algorithm, hybrid particle swarm algorithm, genetic algorithm, feasible direction method, and handbook recommendation. The results demonstrate that the CS is a very effective and robust approach for the optimization of machining optimization problems.

376 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results from computational experiments indicate that the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed MOACO are comparable to NSGA-II and SPEA2 and shows that durations of TOU periods and processing speed of machines have great influence on scheduling results as longer off-peak period and use of faster machines provide more flexibility for shifting high-energy operations to off- peak periods.

315 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel ant colony optimization (ACO)-based MPPT scheme for photovoltaic (PV) systems is presented. And a new control scheme is also introduced based on the proposed MPPT method.

307 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: This chapter provides an overview of some of the most widely used bio-inspired algorithms, especially those based on SI such as cuckoo search, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization, and analyzes the essence of algorithms and their connections to self-organization.
Abstract: Swarm intelligence (SI) and bio-inspired computing in general have attracted great interest in almost every area of science, engineering, and industry over the last two decades. In this chapter, we provide an overview of some of the most widely used bio-inspired algorithms, especially those based on SI such as cuckoo search, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization. We also analyze the essence of algorithms and their connections to self-organization. Furthermore, we highlight the main challenging issues associated with these metaheuristic algorithms with in-depth discussions. Finally, we provide some key, open problems that need to be addressed in the next decade.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposes a distance-based train trajectory searching model, upon which three optimization algorithms are applied to search for the optimum train speed trajectory, found that the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm obtains better balance between stability and the quality of the results, in comparison with the genetic algorithm (GA).
Abstract: An energy-efficient train trajectory describing the motion of a single train can be used as an input to a driver guidance system or to an automatic train control system. The solution for the best trajectory is subject to certain operational, geographic, and physical constraints. There are two types of strategies commonly applied to obtain the energy-efficient trajectory. One is to allow the train to coast, thus using its available time margin to save energy. The other one is to control the speed dynamically while maintaining the required journey time. This paper proposes a distance-based train trajectory searching model, upon which three optimization algorithms are applied to search for the optimum train speed trajectory. Instead of searching for a detailed complicated control input for the train traction system, this model tries to obtain the speed level at each preset position along the journey. Three commonly adopted algorithms are extensively studied in a comparative style. It is found that the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm obtains better balance between stability and the quality of the results, in comparison with the genetic algorithm (GA). For offline applications, the additional computational effort required by dynamic programming (DP) is outweighed by the quality of the solution. It is recommended that multiple algorithms should be used to identify the optimum single-train trajectory and to improve the robustness of searched results.

262 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The work in this paper shows that reactive search optimization scheme, i.e., the “learning while optimizing” principle, is effective in improving multiobjective optimization algorithms.
Abstract: Combining ant colony optimization (ACO) and the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (EA) based on decomposition (MOEA/D), this paper proposes a multiobjective EA, i.e., MOEA/D-ACO. Following other MOEA/D-like algorithms, MOEA/D-ACO decomposes a multiobjective optimization problem into a number of single-objective optimization problems. Each ant (i.e., agent) is responsible for solving one subproblem. All the ants are divided into a few groups, and each ant has several neighboring ants. An ant group maintains a pheromone matrix, and an individual ant has a heuristic information matrix. During the search, each ant also records the best solution found so far for its subproblem. To construct a new solution, an ant combines information from its group's pheromone matrix, its own heuristic information matrix, and its current solution. An ant checks the new solutions constructed by itself and its neighbors, and updates its current solution if it has found a better one in terms of its own objective. Extensive experiments have been conducted in this paper to study and compare MOEA/D-ACO with other algorithms on two sets of test problems. On the multiobjective 0-1 knapsack problem, MOEA/D-ACO outperforms the MOEA/D with conventional genetic operators and local search on all the nine test instances. We also demonstrate that the heuristic information matrices in MOEA/D-ACO are crucial to the good performance of MOEA/D-ACO for the knapsack problem. On the biobjective traveling salesman problem, MOEA/D-ACO performs much better than the BicriterionAnt on all the 12 test instances. We also evaluate the effects of grouping, neighborhood, and the location information of current solutions on the performance of MOEA/D-ACO. The work in this paper shows that reactive search optimization scheme, i.e., the “learning while optimizing” principle, is effective in improving multiobjective optimization algorithms.

256 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2013
TL;DR: A novel hybrid optimization approach based on differential evolution algorithm and receptor editing property of immune system is applied to a case study for milling operations to show its effectiveness in machining operations.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel hybrid optimization approach based on differential evolution algorithm and receptor editing property of immune system. The purpose of the present research is to develop a new optimization approach to solve optimization problems in the manufacturing industry. The proposed hybrid approach is applied to a case study for milling operations to show its effectiveness in machining operations. The results of the hybrid approach for the case study are compared with those of hybrid particle swarm algorithm, ant colony algorithm, immune algorithm, hybrid immune algorithm, genetic algorithm, feasible direction method and handbook recommendation.

196 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2013
TL;DR: The results have demonstrated the superiority of the HRABC over the other techniques like differential evolution algorithm, harmony search algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, artificial immune algorithm, ant colony algorithm, hybrid robust genetic algorithm, scatter search algorithm in terms of convergence speed and efficiency.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel hybrid optimization method (HRABC) based on artificial bee colony algorithm and Taguchi method. The proposed approach is applied to a structural design optimization of a vehicle component and a multi-tool milling optimization problem. A comparison of state-of-the-art optimization techniques for the design and manufacturing optimization problems is presented. The results have demonstrated the superiority of the HRABC over the other techniques like differential evolution algorithm, harmony search algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, artificial immune algorithm, ant colony algorithm, hybrid robust genetic algorithm, scatter search algorithm, genetic algorithm in terms of convergence speed and efficiency by measuring the number of function evaluations required.

193 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel approach with an event-based scheduler (EBS) and an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is developed that enables the modeling of resource conflict and task preemption and preserves the flexibility in human resource allocation.
Abstract: Research into developing effective computer aided techniques for planning software projects is important and challenging for software engineering. Different from projects in other fields, software projects are people-intensive activities and their related resources are mainly human resources. Thus, an adequate model for software project planning has to deal with not only the problem of project task scheduling but also the problem of human resource allocation. But as both of these two problems are difficult, existing models either suffer from a very large search space or have to restrict the flexibility of human resource allocation to simplify the model. To develop a flexible and effective model for software project planning, this paper develops a novel approach with an event-based scheduler (EBS) and an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. The proposed approach represents a plan by a task list and a planned employee allocation matrix. In this way, both the issues of task scheduling and employee allocation can be taken into account. In the EBS, the beginning time of the project, the time when resources are released from finished tasks, and the time when employees join or leave the project are regarded as events. The basic idea of the EBS is to adjust the allocation of employees at events and keep the allocation unchanged at nonevents. With this strategy, the proposed method enables the modeling of resource conflict and task preemption and preserves the flexibility in human resource allocation. To solve the planning problem, an ACO algorithm is further designed. Experimental results on 83 instances demonstrate that the proposed method is very promising.

176 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multiple ant colony optimization algorithm (MACO) is developed to solve the LRP with capacity constraints (CLRP) on depots and routes and is competitive with other well-known algorithms, being able to obtain numerous new best solutions.

Book
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-anatomy of evolutionary algorithms and some examples of successful and unsuccessful attempts at optimization in the context of discrete-time programming.
Abstract: Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii List of Algorithms xxvii Pert I: Introduction to Evolutionary Optimization 1 Introduction 1 2 Optimization 11 Part II: Classic Evoluntionary Algorithms 3 Generic Algorithms 35 4 Mathematical Models of Genetic Algorithms 63 5 Evolutionary Programming 95 6 Evolution Strategies 117 7 Genetic Programming 141 8 Evolutionary Algorithms Variations 179 Part III: More Recent Evolutionary Algorithms 9 Simulated Annealing 223 10 Ant Colony Optimization 241 11 Particle Swarm Optimization 265 12 Differential Evolution 293 13 Estimation of Distribution Algorithms 313 14 Biogeography-Based Optimization 351 15 Cultural Algorithms 377 16 Oppostion-Based Learning 397 17 Other Evolutionary Algorithms 421 Part IV: Special Type of Optimization Problems 18 Combinatorial Optimization 449 19 Constrained Optimization 481 20 Multi-Objective Optimization 517 21 Expensive, Noisy and Dynamic Fitness Functions 563 Appendices A Some Practical Advice 607 B The No Free Luch Therorem and Performance Testing 613 C Benchmark Optimization Functions 641

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Performance analysis and simulation results show that the proposed model can maintain the network stability, reduce the end-to-end delay, increase the packet delivery ratio, and reduce the communications overhead.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed ACOSampling that is a novel undersampling method based on the idea of ant colony optimization (ACO) to address class imbalance problem in DNA microarray data outperforms many other sampling approaches, which indicates its superiority.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2013
TL;DR: A cloud task scheduling policy based on ant colony optimization algorithm compared with different scheduling algorithms FCFS and round-robin, has been presented and Experimental results showed that the ant colony optimized algorithm outperformed FCFSand round- robin algorithms.
Abstract: Cloud computing is the development of distributed computing, parallel computing and grid computing, or defined as the commercial implementation of these computer science concepts. One of the fundamental issues in this environment is related to task scheduling. Cloud task scheduling is an NP-hard optimization problem, and many meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed to solve it. A good task scheduler should adapt its scheduling strategy to the changing environment and the types of tasks. In this paper a cloud task scheduling policy based on ant colony optimization algorithm compared with different scheduling algorithms FCFS and round-robin, has been presented. The main goal of these algorithms is minimizing the makespan of a given tasks set. Ant colony optimization is random optimization search approach that will be used for allocating the incoming jobs to the virtual machines. Algorithms have been simulated using Cloudsim toolkit package. Experimental results showed that the ant colony optimization outperformed FCFS and round-robin algorithms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is used for the optimization in this paper and the computing results show that the ACO algorithm performs well in process planning optimization than other three algorithms.
Abstract: One objective of process planning optimization is to cut down the total cost for machining process, and the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is used for the optimization in this paper. Firstly, the process planning problem, considering the selection of machining resources, operations sequence optimization and the manufacturing constraints, is mapped to a weighted graph and is converted to a constraint-based traveling salesman problem. The operation sets for each manufacturing features are mapped to city groups, the costs for machining processes (including machine cost and tool cost) are converted to the weights of the cities; the costs for preparing processes (including machine changing, tool changing and set-up changing) are converted to the `distance' between cities. Then, the mathematical model for process planning problem is constructed by considering the machining constraints and goal of optimization. The ACO algorithm has been employed to solve the proposed mathematical model. In order to ensure the feasibility of the process plans, the Constraint Matrix and State Matrix are used in this algorithm to show the state of the operations and the searching range of the candidate operations. Two prismatic parts are used to compare the ACO algorithm with tabu search, simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. The computing results show that the ACO algorithm performs well in process planning optimization than other three algorithms.

Book
30 Mar 2013
TL;DR: This clearly-structured, classroom-tested textbook/reference presents a methodical introduction to the field of CI, providing an authoritative insight into all that is necessary for the successful application of CI methods.
Abstract: This clearly-structured, classroom-tested textbook/reference presents a methodical introduction to the field of CI. Providing an authoritative insight into all that is necessary for the successful application of CI methods, the book describes fundamental concepts and their practical implementations, and explains the theoretical background underpinning proposed solutions to common problems. Only a basic knowledge of mathematics is required. Features: provides electronic supplementary material at an associated website, including module descriptions, lecture slides, exercises with solutions, and software tools; contains numerous examples and definitions throughout the text; presents self-contained discussions on artificial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, fuzzy systems and Bayesian networks; covers the latest approaches, including ant colony optimization and probabilistic graphical models; written by a team of highly-regarded experts in CI, with extensive experience in both academia and industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2013
TL;DR: An ACO framework for dynamic environments is proposed where different immigrants schemes, including random immigrants, elitism- based immigrants, and memory-based immigrants, are integrated into ACO algorithms for solving DOPs.
Abstract: Traditional ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms have difficulty in addressing dynamic optimization problems (DOPs). This is because once the algorithm converges to a solution and a dynamic change occurs, it is difficult for the population to adapt to a new environment since high levels of pheromone will be generated to a single trail and force the ants to follow it even after a dynamic change. A good solution to address this problem is to increase the diversity via transferring knowledge from previous environments to the pheromone trails using immigrants schemes. In this paper, an ACO framework for dynamic environments is proposed where different immigrants schemes, including random immigrants, elitism-based immigrants, and memory-based immigrants, are integrated into ACO algorithms for solving DOPs. From this framework, three ACO algorithms, where immigrant ants are generated using the aforementioned immigrants schemes and replace existing ants in the current population, are proposed and investigated. Moreover, two novel types of dynamic travelling salesman problems (DTSPs) with traffic factors, i.e., under random and cyclic dynamic environments, are proposed for the experimental study. The experimental results based on different DTSP test cases show that each proposed algorithm performs well on different environmental cases and that the proposed algorithms outperform several other peer ACO algorithms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A brand new approach using Fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is adopted to optimize artificial neural network model and results show that FOA-optimized GRNN model has the best detection capacity.
Abstract: When constructing classification and prediction models, most researchers used genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm, or ant colony optimization algorithm to optimize parameters of artificial neural network models in their previous studies. In this paper, a brand new approach using Fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) is adopted to optimize artificial neural network model. First, we carried out principal component regression on the results data of a questionnaire survey on logistics quality and service satisfaction of online auction sellers to construct our logistics quality and service satisfaction detection model. Relevant principal components in the principal component regression analysis results were selected for independent variables, and overall satisfaction level toward auction sellers’ logistics service as indicated in the questionnaire survey was selected as a dependent variable for sample data of this study. In the end, FOA-optimized general regression neural network (FOAGRNN), PSO-optimized general regression neural network (PSOGRNN), and other data mining techniques for ordinary general regression neural network were used to construct a logistics quality and service satisfaction detection model. In the study, 4–6 principal components in principal component regression analysis were selected as independent variables of the model. Analysis results of the study show that of the four data mining techniques, FOA-optimized GRNN model has the best detection capacity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel algorithm in which the artificial ants traverse on a directed graph with only O(2n) arcs is proposed, which incorporates the classification performance and feature set size into the heuristic guidance, and selects a feature set with small size and high classification accuracy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequence-dependent disassembly line balancing problem (SDDLBP) is considered, which is concerned with the assignment of disassembly tasks to a set of ordered disassembly workstations while satisfying the disassembly precedence constraints and optimizing the effectiveness of several measures considering sequencedependent part removal time increments.
Abstract: For environmentally conscious and sustainable manufacturing, manufacturers need to incorporate product recovery by designing manufacturing systems to include reverse manufacturing by considering both assembly and disassembly systems. Just as the assembly line is considered the most efficient way to assemble a product, the disassembly line is seen to be the most efficient way to disassemble a product. While having some similarities to assembly, disassembly is not the reverse of the assembly process. The challenge lies in the fact that it possesses unique characteristics. In this paper, we consider a sequence-dependent disassembly line balancing problem (SDDLBP) that is concerned with the assignment of disassembly tasks to a set of ordered disassembly workstations while satisfying the disassembly precedence constraints and optimizing the effectiveness of several measures considering sequence-dependent part removal time increments. SDDLBP is not a trivial problem since it is proven to be NP-complete. Further complications occur by considering multiple objectives including environmental and economic goals that are often contradictory. Therefore, it is essential that an efficient methodology be developed. A new approach based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm with a neighborhood-based mutation operator is proposed to solve the SDDLBP. Case scenarios are considered, and comparisons with ant colony optimization, river formation dynamics, and tabu search approaches are provided to demonstrate the superior functionality of the proposed algorithm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper deals with a GPU implementation of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), a population-based optimization method which comprises two major stages: tour construction and pheromone update, and proposes a new mechanism called I-Roulette to replicate the classic roulette wheel while improving GPU parallelism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel two-phase based scheduling method with the consideration of task clustering for solving SOSP and utilizes a hybrid ant colony optimization coming with a mechanism of local search, called ACO-LS to produce optimal or near optimal schedules.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2013
TL;DR: The performance of artificial bee colony algorithm is much improved by introducing a pattern search method, especially in handling functions having narrow curving valley, functions with high eccentric ellipse and some complex multimodal functions.
Abstract: Artificial bee colony algorithm is one of the most recently proposed swarm intelligence based optimization algorithm. A memetic algorithm which combines Hooke-Jeeves pattern search with artificial bee colony algorithm is proposed for numerical global optimization. There are two alternative phases of the proposed algorithm: the exploration phase realized by artificial bee colony algorithm and the exploitation phase completed by pattern search. The proposed algorithm was tested on a comprehensive set of benchmark functions, encompassing a wide range of dimensionality. Results show that the new algorithm is promising in terms of convergence speed, solution accuracy and success rate. The performance of artificial bee colony algorithm is much improved by introducing a pattern search method, especially in handling functions having narrow curving valley, functions with high eccentric ellipse and some complex multimodal functions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new hybrid swarm technique (HAP) is used to forecast the energy output of a real wind farm located in Binaloud, Iran and the results indicate that the proposed technique can estimate the output wind power based on the wind speed and the ambient temperature with an MAPE of 3.513%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposes evolutionary wall-following control of a mobile robot using an interval type-2 fuzzy controller with species-differential-evolution-activated continuous ant colony optimization (SDE-CACO), which is compared with various population-based optimization algorithms to demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness in the wall- following control problem.
Abstract: This paper proposes evolutionary wall-following control of a mobile robot using an interval type-2 fuzzy controller (IT2FC) with species-differential-evolution-activated continuous ant colony optimization (SDE-CACO). Both the position and speed of a mobile robot are controlled by using two IT2FCs to improve noise resistance ability. A new cost function is defined to accurately evaluate the wall-following performance of an evolutionary IT2FC. A two-stage training approach is proposed that learns a position IT2FC followed by a speed IT2FC to optimize both the wall-following accuracy and the moving speed. The proposed learning approach avoids the time consuming task of the exhaustive collection of supervised input-output training pairs. All fuzzy rules are generated online using a clustering-based approach during the evolutionary learning process. All of the free parameters in an online-generated IT2FC are optimized using SDE-CACO, in which an SDE mutation operation is incorporated within a continuous ACO to improve its explorative ability. The proposed SDE-CACO is compared with various population-based optimization algorithms to demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness in the wall-following control problem. This study also includes experiments that demonstrate wall-following control utilizing a real mobile robot.

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Dec 2013-Sensors
TL;DR: A survey of the literature in the area of wireless sensor network optimization concentrating especially on the three most widely used bio-mimetic algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm is presented.
Abstract: For the past 20 years, many authors have focused their investigations on wireless sensor networks. Various issues related to wireless sensor networks such as energy minimization (optimization), compression schemes, self-organizing network algorithms, routing protocols, quality of service management, security, energy harvesting, etc., have been extensively explored. The three most important issues among these are energy efficiency, quality of service and security management. To get the best possible results in one or more of these issues in wireless sensor networks optimization is necessary. Furthermore, in number of applications (e.g., body area sensor networks, vehicular ad hoc networks) these issues might conflict and require a trade-off amongst them. Due to the high energy consumption and data processing requirements, the use of classical algorithms has historically been disregarded. In this context contemporary researchers started using bio-mimetic strategy-based optimization techniques in the field of wireless sensor networks. These techniques are diverse and involve many different optimization algorithms. As far as we know, most existing works tend to focus only on optimization of one specific issue of the three mentioned above. It is high time that these individual efforts are put into perspective and a more holistic view is taken. In this paper we take a step in that direction by presenting a survey of the literature in the area of wireless sensor network optimization concentrating especially on the three most widely used bio-mimetic algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm. In addition, to stimulate new research and development interests in this field, open research issues, challenges and future research directions are highlighted.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: The proposed ACO-GA algorithm aims at enhancing the performance of ant colony optimization by incorporating genetic algorithm as a local search strategy for MMALBP-I with setups by incorporating high variability of setup times.
Abstract: This paper presents a new hybrid algorithm, which executes ant colony optimization in combination with genetic algorithm (ACO-GA), for type I mixed-model assembly line balancing problem (MMALBP-I) with some particular features of real world problems such as parallel workstations, zoning constraints and sequence dependent setup times between tasks. The proposed ACO-GA algorithm aims at enhancing the performance of ant colony optimization by incorporating genetic algorithm as a local search strategy for MMALBP-I with setups. In the proposed hybrid algorithm ACO is conducted to provide diversification, while GA is conducted to provide intensification. The proposed algorithm is tested on 20 representatives MMALBP-I extended by adding low, medium and high variability of setup times. The results are compared with pure ACO pure GA and hGA in terms of solution quality and computational times. Computational results indicate that the proposed ACO-GA algorithm has superior performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A fast two-stage ACO algorithm is proposed in this paper, which overcomes the inherent problems of traditional ACO algorithms and is tested in maps of various complexities and compared with different algorithms.
Abstract: Ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms are often used in robotic path planning; however, the algorithms have two inherent problems. On one hand, the distance elicitation function and transfer function are usually used to improve the ACO algorithms, whereas, the two indexes often fail to balance between algorithm efficiency and optimization effect; On the other hand, the algorithms are heavily affected by environmental complexity. Based on the scent pervasion principle, a fast two-stage ACO algorithm is proposed in this paper, which overcomes the inherent problems of traditional ACO algorithms. The basic idea is to split the heuristic search into two stages: preprocess stage and path planning stage. In the preprocess stage, the scent information is broadcasted to the whole map and then ants do path planning under the direction of scent information. The algorithm is tested in maps of various complexities and compared with different algorithms. The results show the good performance and convergence speed of the proposed algorithm, even the high grid resolution does not affect the quality of the path found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparative experimental study highlights the performance impact of ACO parameters, GPU technical configuration, memory structures and parallelization granularity on a state-of-the-art Fermi GPU architecture.