Showing papers on "Conceptualization published in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the conceptualization and measurement of service quality and the relationships between service quality, consumer satisfaction, and purchase intentions, and investigate the relationship between the two factors.
Abstract: The authors investigate the conceptualization and measurement of service quality and the relationships between service quality, consumer satisfaction, and purchase intentions. A literature review s...
9,593 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that women, especially those in poor, rural households in India are victims of environmental degradation in quite gender-specific ways, and suggest an alternative conceptualization.
Abstract: This chapter argues that women, especially those in poor, rural households in India are victims of environmental degradation in quite gender-specific ways. It outlines the ecofeminist debate in the United States and one prominent Indian variant of it, and suggests an alternative conceptualization. The chapter traces the nature and causes of environmental degradation in rural India, its class and gender implications, and the responses to it by the state and grass-roots groups. It examines for an alternative transformative approach to development and suggests that women’s and men’s relationship with nature needs to be understood as rooted in their material reality, in their specific forms of interaction with the environment. Ecofeminism embodies within it several different strands of discourse, most of which have yet to be spelled out fully, and which reflect, among other things, different positions within the Western feminist movement. A growing privatization of community resources in individual hands has paralleled the process of statization.
674 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present formal measurement models for both conventional and revised conceptualizations of legitimacy orientations and compare the fit of the two models systematically on data from the U.S. electorate.
Abstract: Political legitimacy is a key concept in both macro and micro theories. Pioneers in survey-based research on alienation and system support envisioned addressing macro questions about legitimacy with the sophisticated empiricism of individual-level methodology but failed; and a succession of innovations in item wording and questionnaire construction only led to an excessive concern with measurement issues at the individual level. I return to an enumeration of the informational requirements for assessing legitimacy in hopes of finding a conceptualization that better utilizes available survey indicators to tap relevant macro dimensions. I specify formal measurement models for both conventional and revised conceptualizations of legitimacy orientations and compare the fit of the two models systematically on data from the U.S. electorate. The revised model appears preferable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.
444 citations
TL;DR: This model suggests that the benefits of data integration will outweigh costs only under certain situations, and probably not for all the data the organization uses, so MIS researchers and practitioners should consider the need for better conceptualization and methods for implementing "partial integration" in organization.
Abstract: For many organizations, the ability to make coordinated, organization-wide responses to today's business problems is thwarted by the lack of data integration or commonly defined data elements and codes across different information systems. Though many researchers and practitioners have implicitly assumed that data integration always results in net benefits to an organization, this article questions that view. Based on theories of organizational information processing, a model of the impact of data integration is developed that includes gains in organization-wide coordination and organization-wide decision making, as well as losses in local autonomy and flexibility, and changes in system design and implementation costs. The importance of each of these impacts is defended by theoretical arguments and illustrated by case examples. This model suggests that the benefits of data integration will outweigh costs only under certain situations, and probably not for all the data the organization uses. Therefore, MIS researchers and practitioners should consider the need for better conceptualization and methods for implementing "partial integration" in organization.
438 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors initiated development of a theory of recreation specialization from a social worlds perspective and provided empirical testing for some of the stated propositions, such as the importance of social networks.
Abstract: This paper initiated development of a theory of recreation specialization from a social worlds perspective and provided empirical testing for some of the stated propositions. Recreation specializat...
393 citations
21 Sep 1992
TL;DR: GIS can turn a rather dry debate into a source of insights regarding the nature of its subject matter by learning from how people actually experience and deal with the geographic world, according to a list of desiderata.
Abstract: The ongoing debate in GIS regarding the relative merits of vector versus raster representations of spatial information is usually couched in technical terms Yet the technical question of the most appropriate data structure begs the philosophical question of the most appropriate conceptualization of geographic space The paper confronts this latter question in the context of the opposition between the “object” and “field” views of space I suggest that GIS can turn a rather dry debate into a source of insights regarding the nature of its subject matter by learning from how people actually experience and deal with the geographic world Human cognition indeed appears to make use of both the object and field views, but at different geographic scales, and for different purposes These observations suggest a list of desiderata for the next round of thinking about spatial representation in GIS
336 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that those who question the future and efficiency of Western organizations need to rely more on a radical-humanistic and neo-Marxist conceptualization than on the functionalistic tradition.
Abstract: The author argues that the present mainstream writings on, and debates about “new” ideas of management and theories of organization, lack adequate theoretical assumptions and background. He proposes that those who question the future and efficiency of Western organizations need to rely more on a radical-humanistic and neo-Marxist conceptualization than on the functionalistic tradition. Therefore, management theorists and practitioners should integrate such a concept in order to better understand how to transform the passive-obedient Taylorist employee into an active-cooperative one. To achieve a truly renewed form of management, researchers must adopt a global view of humankind, in order to give workers a significant measure of control over their own environments and working conditions.
305 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that inconsistencies between retail store image conceptualization and operationalization signal a critical separation between theory and measurement within the paradigm, and that the time has come for a new information processing theory—category-based information processing—to challenge piecemeal processing as the positive heuristic within the store image paradigm.
Abstract: This article presents the case that inconsistencies between retail store image conceptualization and operationalization signal a critical separation between theory and measurement within the paradigm. The authors attribute the separation to the influence of two rival, middle-level information processing theories. The first, piecemeal-based processing theory, has historically dominated retail store image operationalization and measurement within the area. The authors argue, however, that the time has come for a new information processing theory—category-based information processing—to challenge piecemeal processing as the positive heuristic within the store image paradigm. The advantages of adopting category-based processing over piecemeal processing are discussed both from a positive and normative perspective. Recommendations for managers and propositions for future research are offered.
260 citations
TL;DR: This article addresses the conceptualization of power in relation to the use of computers in organizations with an alternative view which focuses on the symbolic and disciplinary dimensions of the development of information systems.
Abstract: This article addresses the conceptualization of power in relation to the use of computers in organizations. Commonly held views that the application of computer based information systems leads to either a centralization or a decentralization of power and control, or that computers merely reinforce the power of dominant actors, are criticized, and an alternative view is put forward which focuses on the symbolic and disciplinary dimensions of the development of information systems. This perspective is then illustrated in connection with the development of management information systems in the National Health Service.
248 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Development of the taxonomy Overview of the Taxonomy Comparison with Other Approaches Guide to the VRM Literature and Illustrative Results Conceptualization and Principles of Classification Verbal Response Mode Intents Mode Forms and Mixed Modes Unitizing Discriminating among mode Intents Brief Utterances and Other Difficult Forms.
Abstract: Development of the Taxonomy Overview of the Taxonomy Comparison with Other Approaches Guide to the VRM Literature and Illustrative Results Conceptualization and Principles of Classification Verbal Response Mode Intents Mode Forms and Mixed Modes Unitizing Discriminating among Mode Intents Brief Utterances and Other Difficult Forms Preparation and Analysis of VRM Data
243 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the meanings of manhood as articulated by Afro-American men (N = 32) and used conceptualization and Q-sort methods to examine (1) men's construction of menhood and men's ratings of the importance of selected attributes to being a man.
Abstract: This article explores the meanings of manhood as articulated by Afro-American men (N = 32). Conceptualization and Q-sort methods are used to examine (1) men's construction of manhood and (2) men's ratings of the importance of selected attributes to being a man. Manhood emerged as a multidimensional construct with four major domains (self-determinism and accountability, family, pride, and spirituality and humanism) and 15 distinct clusters of ideas. The cluster of attributes rated as most important to being a man paralleled the conceptualization of manhood derived from the open-ended interviews for both professional and nonprofessional men. Men's ratings of attributes in the areas of ownership, manliness, spiritual and religious, and power varied by occupational status.
TL;DR: The authors argued that a post-modern approach to organizational culture would recast the problems in terms of a revised conceptualization of subjectivity, and would formulate culture as paradox, otherness, seduction, and discourse.
Abstract: The study of organizational cultures has been dominated by an interpretative approach which has emphasized the production of culture at the expense of the creativity shown by the consumers of cuiture, organizational members. 'Corpor ate culture' is distinguished from 'workplace' or 'organizational' cultures, and a number of other problems emerging within the literature are identified. These are presented as organizational culture versus cultural organization; cultural plurali ties ; rationality and the irrational; common knowledge and its constitution; power and ideology; and individualism and subjectivity. It is then argued, after a detailed discussion of concepts drawn primarily from a close reading of the work of Jacques Derrida, that a postmodern approach to organizational culture would recast the problems in terms of a revised conceptualization of subjectivity, and would formulate culture as paradox, otherness, seduction, and discourse. This would entail studying the 'bricolage' of organizational mem...
TL;DR: A review of empirical studies that examine the short and long-term sequelae of physical child maltreatment (PCM) is presented in this paper, where the current status of research examining the impact of PCM on children's development and psychosocial functioning is reviewed.
Abstract: This article reviews recent empirical studies that examine the short- and long-term sequelae of physical child maltreatment (PCM). The current status of research examining the impact of PCM on children's development (e.g., medical, cognitive) and psychosocial functioning (e.g., psychiatric disorders, behavioral, interpersonal, academic, affective) is reviewed. Major findings are discussed in the context of pertinent qualifications of existing evidence. To encourage clinical-research advances in this area, recent developments and future directions pertaining to the areas of conceptualization, assessment/methodology, and intervention are described.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of international norms vis-a-vis self-interest and power politics concerns is discussed, and guidelines are developed for the conceptualization, measurement, and testing of international norm and their effects on state behavior.
Abstract: This article looks conceptually and empirically at how international norms influence state behavior. Using the decolonization norm as an example, guidelines are developed for the conceptualization, measurement, and testing of international norms and their effects on state behavior. In particular, the role of norms vis-a-vis self-interest and power politics concerns are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a framework that distinguishes between managerial "skills" and "competencies" along several dimensions such as specific-generic, task driven-person driven, and transferable non-transferable is suggested as a possible alternative mode of conceptualization.
Abstract: The diverse nature of the prevailing conceptualizations of skills required for successful managerial performance hinders our understanding of the phenomenon. This paper examines the limitations to our understanding of the nature of managerial skills based on the analysis of managerial jobs that are often non-routine, unprogrammed, and ill-structured. A framework that distinguishes between managerial "skills" and "competencies" along several dimensions such as specific-generic, task driven-person driven, and transferable non-transferable is suggested as a possible alternative mode of conceptualization. Competencies representing fundamental generic cognitive characteristics are viewed as managerial resourcefulness. Integrating research from the fields of cognitive, clinical, personality, and social psychology, the paper identifies and explicates various components of resourcefulness which have implications for selection and training of managers. Developing appropriate operationalization, assessment, and tra...
TL;DR: The Walker & Avant strategy is used to complete a concept analysis of empowerment and Kolb's experimental learning model corresponds with empowerment and pragmatism is used as the basis for the model.
Abstract: The Walker & Avant strategy is used to complete a concept analysis of empowerment. Empowerment is defined as the interpersonal process of providing the proper tools, resources and environment to build, develop and increase the ability and effectiveness of others to set and reach goals for individual and social ends. Empowerment occurs between two or more people: the person who empowers and the person(s) who is (are) empowered. The Murrell-Armstrong Empowerment matrix, with six categories of empowering behaviours, provides the theoretical framework. References from organizational, nursing, educational and sociological literature provide support for the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences of empowerment. A conceptual map depicts these relationships and demonstration cases serve to make the ideas more apparent. The concept of empowerment is applied to philosophy, learning and instruction. Pragmatism reflects the ideas presented on empowerment because both embrace individual and social goals, the student is active in the learning process, learning is lifelong, and the appropriate environment, tools and resources for learning must be present. Kolb's experimental learning model corresponds with empowerment and pragmatism. The works of Dewey, Lewin, Piaget, Rogers and Freire are used as the basis for the model. Kolb describes learning as a four-step process that includes concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. Transformative instruction is based on Freire's critical pedagogy, Belenky et al.'s connected teaching, Schon's reflection-in-action, and activities that allow students to complete the experimental learning cycle. Several strategies that promote transformative instruction are discussed.
01 Aug 1992
TL;DR: The study of personality and politics is possible and desirable, but systematic intellectual progress is possible only if there is careful attention to problems of evidence, inference, and conceptualization.
Abstract: The study of personality and politics is possible and desirable, but systematic intellectual progress is possible only if there is careful attention to problems of evidence, inference, and conceptualization. This essay reviews such problems, setting forth a conceptualization that takes account of, and builds on, many of the recurring reservations that are advanced about the utility of studying the personalities of political actors. In doing do, it takes selective account of the classical literature on political psychology and more recent developments in the field.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that spatial organization should be conceptualized in a double form, i.e. as a social relationship and a force of production, and place (or geography) should be considered simultaneously as the arena in which this struggle unfolds, and as the stake of this struggle.
Abstract: The definition of space and spatial organization as being produced, and structured, in and through the organization of social relationships, has been thoroughly developed over the past few years. In this contribution, it is argued that spatial organization should be conceptualized in a double form, i.e. as a social relationship and a force of production. In the literature, however, the latter conceptualization has been given little attention. The paper attempts to elucidate the theoretical formulation of 'territorial organization' as a force of production. In the first part of the paper, the notion of 'territorial organization' is defined. In a second part, the nature of 'territorial organization' as a force of production is further substantiated. Key notions, such as externalities, the monopolization of location, co-operation, and division of labour, provide the theoretical basis to elucidate the role of 'territorial organization' as a force of production. In a third part, the contradiction between the private appropriation of the powers embodied in territory, and the social character of 'territorial organization', is explored. The implication of this analysis for theorizing 'the production of space' is assessed. Finally, it is argued that space itself is structured and restructured through the dialectical interaction of forces and relations of production, and place (or geography) should be considered simultaneously as the arena in which this struggle unfolds, and as the stake of this struggle, that is the power to command (the powers of) place.
TL;DR: In this paper, four methods for defining and enumerating personal networks are detailed, based on the assumption that clear conceptualization precedes appropriate measurement, and four types of networks are defined: significant other, exchange and interactive networks.
Abstract: By centering on the assumption that clear conceptualization precedes appropriate measurement, four methods for defining and enumerating personal networks are detailed. Global networks are defined in terms of the domain from which all other personal networks are derived. The three additional types, including significant other, exchange and interactive networks, are conceptually unique and largely non-overlapping in their memberships. The network types reviewed here do not exhaust all of the methods available for sampling personal networks, but they do represent methods with favorable psychometric properties and, most importantly, clear conceptual foundations.
TL;DR: The change in mentality which leads to family limitation includes "numeracy about children," a clear notion of what family size ought to be and the awareness of individuals of where they stand with respect to the norm as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: One of the preconditions of the fertility transition, as stated by A.J. Coale, is that reproductive decisions must be within the calculus of conscious choice. It is suggested that the change in mentality which leads to family limitation includes "numeracy about children," a clear notion of what family size ought to be and the awareness of individuals of where they stand with respect to the norm. The article explores the hypothesis that numeracy about children appeared historically in various times and places, and that the conceptualization of family size was a necessary condition for adopting family limitation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a way of thinking about gender that they have found helpful in evaluating various proposed feminist projects, by considering gender and value as independent dimensions, relationships of difference can be more clearly perceived as involving relationships of lack, of complementarity, or of perversion.
Abstract: I present a way of thinking about gender that I have found helpful in evaluating various proposed feminist projects. By considering gender and value as independent dimensions, relationships of “difference” can be more clearly perceived as involving relationships of lack, of complementarity, or of perversion. I illustrate the use of my gender/value “compass” with applications to questions of self-identity, rationality, and knowledge. This way of thinking about gender allows a conceptualization of feminism that neither erases nor emphasizes gender distinctions.
TL;DR: A three-step procedure to produce and disclose non-similarity-based conceptualization in pigeons is relevant to the construction of superordinate categories and to the role of language in secondary or mediated generalization.
Abstract: We used a three-step procedure to produce and disclose non-similarity-based conceptualization in pigeons. Merely by being associated with the same response in the first step, classes of perceptually dissimilar stimuli, like cars and chairs, appear to amalgamate into a new category of functionally equivalent Stimuli. Thus, requiring a new response to be made to only one of these two stimulus classes in the second step transfers to the other stimulus class in the third step. This case of non-similarity-based conceptualization in pigeons is relevant to the construction of superordinate categories and to the role of language in secondary or mediated generalization.
TL;DR: In this article, the burden concept, its lack of clear definition, the inconsistency between its conceptualization and operationalization, its inappropriate use within the stress paradigm, and its inconsistency with respect to stress management are examined.
Abstract: This article critically examines the burden concept, its lack of clear definition, the inconsistency between its conceptualization and operationalization, its inappropriate use within the stress pa...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: There was a basic correspondence between a multidimensional conceptualization of alienation and empirical dimensions articulated by students, and such a correspondence for both intermediate and high school students serves to strengthen confidence in the concept of multiddimensional alienation specific to the school context.
Abstract: This study examined the correspondence between conceptual and empirical dimensions of student alienation. Responses from 2,056 secondary school students were analyzed using a multivariate technique, smallest space analysis. Except for a few items, there was a basic correspondence between a multidimensional conceptualization of alienation and empirical dimensions articulated by students. Such a correspondence for both intermediate and high school students serves to strengthen confidence in the concept of multidimensional alienation specific to the school context.
TL;DR: This article examined the validity of the nutrition knowledge construct by examining how the construct was measured and conceptualized in research reported in the Journal of Nutrition Education that concentrated on the relationship between knowledge and dietary behavior.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A definition of mental retardation based on social competence outcomes (i.e., need for support in playing critical social roles) would be preferable to a definition that is still tied too closely to psychometric criteria.
Abstract: A historical overview of efforts to integrate social competence into a definition of mental retardation was provided. The existing AAMR definition was criticized for its incorporation of a muddled construct of adaptive behavior, which over-emphasizes psychopathology and underemphasizes social intelligence. A model of general competence was presented, and mental retardation was reconceptualized as a condition characterized by deficits in social, practical, and conceptual intelligence. Although such a conceptualization would be an improvement on the current definition, we argued that a definition of mental retardation based on social competence outcomes (i.e., need for support in playing critical social roles) would be preferable to a definition that is still tied too closely to psychometric criteria.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the problem of "ignorance" in philosophy and science, particularly with respect to the conceptualization, study and solution of environmental problems, and highlight the importance of an attitude of openness in science and philosophy, especially regarding environmental problems.
Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of 'ignorance' in philosophy and science, particularly with respect to the conceptualization, study and solution of environmental problems. We begin by distinguishing between 'risk', 'uncertainty' and 'ignorance'. We then offer a categorization of ignorance, and use these categories to assess the role of science as a means of reducing ignorance. We note that to proceed with science, several 'acts of faith' are necessary. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of an attitude of openness in science and philosophy, especially regarding environmental problems. Throughout, we illustrate our discussion of ignorance, and the problems involved in its reduction, by reference to environmental issues.
TL;DR: The authors presents a conceptual model of the teacher socialization process, reviews empirical research on the process of teacher socialisation of elementary and secondary school teachers throughout the preservice and inservice phases.
Abstract: This essay presents a conceptual model of the teacher socialization process, reviews empirical research on the process of teacher socialization of elementary and secondary school teachers throughout the preservice and inservice phases, and offers a conceptualization of the teacher socialization process from a communication perspective.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the conceptualization and measurement of the Communicative Adaptability Scale (CAS) is provided, along with a discussion of research trends and limitations of the CAS.
Abstract: Due to the importance of the communication competence construct a number of conceptualizations and measures have been developed. One measure of communication competence is the Communicative Adaptability Scale (CAS). The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the conceptualization and measurement of the CAS. Additionally, research utilizing the CAS is summarized. Some of the variables found to be associated with the CAS are: communication apprehension, shyness, loneliness, communication satisfaction, attraction, cognitive complexity, interaction involvement, and androgyny. The paper concludes with a discussion of research trends and limitations of the CAS.