Showing papers on "Context (language use) published in 1975"

After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation

Abstract: `Translation has long needed a champion, and at last in George Steiner it has found a scholar who is a match for the task.' Sunday Times First published in 1975, After Babel constituted the first systematic investigation of the theory and processes of translation since the eighteenth century. In mapping out its own field, it quickly established itself as both controversial and seminal, and gave rise to a considerable, and still-growing, body of secondary literature. Even today, with its status as a modern classic beyond question, many of the books insights remain provocative and challenging. For the second edition of After Babel, George Steiner entirely revised the text, added new and expanded notes, provided a substantially updated bibliography (including much Russian and Eastern European material), and wrote a new preface setting the book in the present context of hermeneutics, poetics, and translation studies. `Steiner's subject is extravagantly rich and he ponders it on the most generous scale...his language and his ideas display even-handedness, seriousness without heaviness, learning without pedantry, and sober charm.' New Yorker

Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society

Abstract: Sociolinguistics - language and society language and social class language and ethnic group language and sex language and context language and social interaction language and nation language and geography language and humanity.

Birth Order and Intellectual Development

Abstract: A confluence model is developed that explains the effects of birth order and family size on intelligence. Intellectual development within the family context is conceived of as depending on the cumulative effects of the intellectual environment, which, for the purposes of the model, consist primarily of the siblings’ and parents’ intelligence. Mutual influences, through time, on the intellectual development of the siblings are described by the growth parameter a. The confluence model predicts positive as well as negative effects of birth order, a necessarily negative effect of family size, and a handicap for the last born and the only child. The model explains several features of a large birth order study carried out on nearly 400,000 19-year olds. A number of implications of the model are discussed, among them the effects of age separation between successive children. In agreement with the implications, data on the relatively low IQ of twins and triplets are cited. Extensions of the confluence model to other social processes are discussed. The confluence model is examined for its usefulness in explicating a general class of social-psychological problems: the emergence of individual differences in a social context.

Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking

Abstract: Introduction to the second edition Part I. Preface and Introduction: Preface Introduction Part II. Communities and Resources for Performance: Introduction 1. A quantitative paradigm for the study of communicative competence Gillian Sankoff 2. Language identity of the columbian vaupes indians Jean Jackson 3. 'Our ancestors spoke in pairs': rotinese views of language, dialect, and code James J. Fox Part III. Community Ground Rules for Performance: Introduction 4. Warm springs 'indian time': how the regulation of participation affects the progress of events Susan U. Philips 5. Contrapuntal conversations in an Antiguan village Karl Reisman 6. Norm-makers, norm-breakers: uses of speech by men and women in a malagasy community Elinor Keenan 7. Speaking in the light: the role of the quaker minister Richard Bauman Part IV. Speech Acts, Events, and Situations: Introduction 8. Strategies of status manipulation in the wolof greeting Judith T. Irvine 9. Rituals of encounter among the Maori: sociolinguistic study of a scene Anne Salmond 10. Speaking of speaking: Tenejapa tzeltal metalinguistics Brian Stross 11. Black talking on the streets Roger D. Abrahams 12. Namakke, Sunmakke, Kormakki: three types of cuna speech event Joel Sherzer 13. The concept and varieties of narrative performance in east European jewish culture Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett Part V. The Shaping of Artistic Structures in Performance: Introduction 14. Correlates of cree narrative performance Regna Darnell 15. An analysis of the course of a joke's telling in conversation Harvey Sacks 16. When words become deeds: an analysis of three iroquois longhouse speech events Michael K. Foster 17. The ethnographic context of some traditional mayan speech genres Victoria R. Bricker 18. To speak with a heated heart: Chamula canons of style and good performance Gary H. Gossen Part VI. Toward an Ethnology of Speaking: Introduction 19. Data and data use in an analysis of communicative events Allen D. Grimshaw 20. The ethnography of writing Keith H. Basso 21. Ways of speaking Dell Hymes Notes References Index of names.

Sex differences in depression: The effects of occupation and marital status

Abstract: The role of housewife has been hypothesized as the source of excess mental illness among married women as compared with married men. The present study found both housewives and working wives significantly more depressed than working husbands. Although working wives report that they do more housework than husbands, this factor was not significantly related to depression for either wives or husbands. It is suggested that the risk factors for depression, including marriage for women, may be better understood in the context of clinical theories of depression, especially the “learned helplessness” model.

Defining borderline patients: An overview.

Abstract: This review of the descriptive literature on borderline patients indicates that accounts of such patients vary depending upon who is describing them, in what context, how the samples are selected, and what data are collected. The authors identify six features that provide a rational means for diagnosing borderline patients during an initial interview: the presence of intense affect, usually depressive or hostile; a history of impulsive behavior; a certain social adaptiveness; brief psychotic experiences; loose thinking in unstructured situations; and relationships that vacillate between transient superficiality and intense dependency. Reliable identification of these patients will permit better treatment planning and clinical research.

Dynamic complexity in predator-prey models framed in difference equations

Abstract: THE complicated dynamics associated with simple first-order, nonlinear difference equations have received considerable attention (refs 1–4 and R. M. May and G. F. Oster, unpublished). In an ecological context, equations of this type provide a powerful and realistic means of modelling the behaviour of animal populations with ron-overlapping generations, typified by many arthropods in temperate regions. May4 has shown that such models, incorporating density dependence, have three regimes of dynamic solution in their parameter space, namely (1) a stable equilibrium point; (2) bifurcating cycles of period 2n, 0

A Bayesian Sequential Procedure for Quantal Response in the Context of Adaptive Mental Testing

Abstract: This article is concerned with a generalization of the problem of estimation of median effective dose in bioassay with a normal quantal response curve. A new kind of Bayesian motivated procedure is introduced which leads to a strongly consistent estimator. The convergence is robust in that it holds for a bundle of sequences of design vectors—an important feature in a mental testing context where a specified design vector cannot be produced on demand.

Political Behavior of the American Electorate

Abstract: Tables and Figures Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Democratic Beliefs and American Democracy 2. Electoral Context and Strategy 3. Turnout and Elections 4. Partisanship and Party Change 5. Public Opinion and Ideology. 6. Group Characteristics and Social Networks 7. Political Communication and the Mass Media 8. Vote Choice and Electoral Decisions Appendix: Survey Research Methods Index

Nonlinear deep water waves: Theory and experiment

Abstract: The evolution and interaction of nonlinear wavepackets on deep water is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The nonlinear Schrodinger equation, first derived in this context by Hasimoto and Ono, is shown to be a special case of Whitham’s theory. The exact solution to this equation predicts the existence of stable envelope solitons, which is indeed verified by laboratory experiments. A comparison between laboratory data and a numerical solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation is also given.

The Portrayal of Men and Women in American Television Commercials.

Abstract: Summary The characteristics of adult male and female models in randomly selected television commercials were systematically coded, and several significant sex differences were discovered. More men than women are presented in television commercials, the basis for the credibility of those men and women who are presented differs as do their roles, their location, their arguments on behalf of a product, and the rewards they reap for using a product. These sex differences, which tend to portray women in a relatively unfavorable manner, are discussed in the context of research which suggests that peoples' sex-role behaviors and attitudes may be influenced by televised models.

Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. A summary

Abstract: Clinical research indicates a tendency to compulsive repetitions of traumatic experiences. Such phenomena have not been studied experimentally and so the generality of the tendency has been uncertain. With development of operational definitions and content analysis techniques, it was possible to quantity and examine intrusive and stimulus-repetitive thought in a series of experiments with controlled variations in subject selection, stimuli, demand set, and context. Comparison of data across experiments indicates a tendency toward intrusive and stimulus-repetitive thought that is not restricted to "traumas" or a few predisposed individuals. Intrusive and repetitive thought appears to be a general stress-response tendency seen in a large proportion of persons after even mild to moderately stressful events. It is concluded that the intrusive repetitions observed clinically are extreme forms of this general stress-response tendency.

Large scale dynamic systems

Abstract: Classes of large scale dynamic systems were discussed in the context of modern control theory. Specific examples discussed were in the technical fields of aeronautics, water resources and electric power.

The government and politics of Hong Kong

Abstract: This study of the government of Hong Kong examines the machinery of government with its social, economic and cultural contexts. The text has been substantially revised for this edition to take account of the changing context in which policies are being made in the lead up to 1997. The author details the most recent constitutional developments and moves towards democracy, and describes the changes that will take place in the system of government in 1997 when Hong Kong becomes a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.

Requiem for large-scale models

Abstract: The task in this paper is to evaluate, in some detail,, the fundamental flaws in attempts to construct and use large models and to examine the planning context in which the models, like dinosaurs, collapsed rather than evolved. The conclusions can be summarized in three points:1. In general, none of the goals held out for large-scale models have been achieved, and there is little reason to expect anything different in the future.

Informational economies of scale

Abstract: The theory of the firm under uncertainty is examined in the context of several examples which illustrate that opportunities to purchase technological information at some cost in resources may induce economies of scale even though the technology of physical production has no economies of scale. Better information justifies a higher scale of operations and vice versa. The two effects combined lead to an unbounded optimal scale of operations when information acquisition is adjusted optimally.

The operating characteristics of the hypothalamic-pituitary system during the menstrual cycle and observations of biological action of somatostatin.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the investigations conducted over the past few years on the interaction between the hypothalamic hormone(s) and gonadal steroids in the regulation of cyclic gonadotropin output by the adenohypophysis in humans. It describes hypothalamus as a neuroendocrine regulator. It also reviews the observations on the biological actions of hypothalamic somatostatin in humans. The description of the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system and the subsequent presentation of a number of anatomical and physiological observations led to the proposal that the hypothalamus is critically involved in the control of anterior pituitary function. The chapter presents the three elements of the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system: (1) the CNS-hypothalamus complex that may be regarded as a signal generator, (2) the pituitary as a signal transmitter, and (3) the cyclic ovarian steroid output as a signal modulator. It reviews the regulation of the hypothalamic-hypophysial- gonadal system in humans within this general context.

The theory of agency

Abstract: In conclusion, we have developed a model of policing in the context of agency relations and managerial discretion. The model had three stages: 1) diversion of resources to policing or other uses; 2) implementation of policing mechanism; and 3) agent's reaction to policing. We then applied the model to the case of regulatory behavior. We argued in part that public interest groups are constrained (and perhaps in some cases may elect) to police the manifestations of agent fidelity in the regulatory agencies rather than adherence to public interest criteria. This has possibly paradoxical consequences in that return to public interest criteria may thereby be reduced.

On the rationality of conversion (Part I)

Abstract: In the first part of this paper I began by dealing with those of Fisher's objections to the Intellectualist Theory which seemed to me to require short, sharp, and destructive answers. I then went on to consider an objection which seemed to require a longer and more constructive answer. This was the objection that the Theory did not account adequately for variation in the concept and cult of the supreme being in settings uninfluenced by Islam and Christianity. I suggested that, although the evidence was probably insufficient for a decisive verdict, the Theory appeared to give a rather good account of religious dynamics in such settings. A demonstration of its plausibility in this context was, as I pointed out, an important preliminary to my main argument. For it was crucial to the credibility of the thesis that Islam and Christianity were more than anything else catalysts for changes that were ‘in the air’ anyway.

Mandibular movements of the albino rat during feeding.

Abstract: Jaw movements of albino rats during biting and mastication of relatively hard food were recorded by means of conventional and X-ray cinematography. Mandibular kinetics have been analysed in the context of passive mechanical limits imposed by jaw morphology, particularly of the joints, and by the food itself. Movements have been described in terms of degrees of gape, condylar translation and horizontal rotation of the rami about the symphysis. During biting the condyle remains in the anterior two-thirds of the fossa, moves forward as the jaw opens and the converse. The rami usually spread well apart; the lower incisors are usually approximated. Incised food particles are transported toward the molars by means of coordinated jaw and tongue movements. The prominent palatal rugae of the diastemal region abet this process. In the power stroke of mastication, the mandible shifts forward as the lower toothrows move a little inward; the condyles occupy the posterior two-thirds of the fossa. All movements seen were bilaterally symmetrical. Simultaneous chewing occurred on both sides. It is suggested that the lingual components in the primarily anterior power stroke enhance grinding efficiency. A movable symphysis appears to be of critical importance in facilitating this type of mastication.

The Ideological Foundations of the New Life Movement: A Study in Counterrevolution

Abstract: On February 19, 1934, Chiang Kai-shek inaugurated the New Life Movement in Nanchang, Kiangsi, with the express goal of “revolutionizing” Chinese life. The Kuomintang leadership, holding the material and spiritual “degeneration” of the people responsible for China's continued crisis, decided at this time to launch a movement for hygienic and behavioral reform to revitalize the country. The movement was to signal the start of a new phase of Chinese history, one that was to be both conserving and revolutionary in spirit. It would achieve the most fundamental goals of the Chinese revolution without sacrificing native traditions. Nevertheless, the stress on the revival of native morality was the most striking aspect of the movement with its historical context, and endowed it with an aura of conservatism that overshadowed its revolutionary claims and has dominated its image since then. This image is somewhat misleading in its implication that the New Life Movement was the expression of a traditionalist upsurge in the Kuomintang during the Nanking Decade (1928–1937). The present study attempts a close analysis of New Life ideology—used here in the sense of a world view that underlay conceptions of politics and society—to demonstrate that the conservatism and the revolutionary claims of the New Life Movement must be taken equally seriously. The movement was conservative, but conservative in a very specific sense: far from being a reaffirmation of traditional Chinese political conceptions, it was fashioned by and in response to the twentieth-century Chinese revolution. Its underlying spirit had greater affinity with modern counterrevolutionary movements than with political attitudes inherited from China's past. It was, in short, not a traditional but a modern response to a modern problem.