Showing papers on "Direct methanol fuel cell published in 2009"
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of graphite composite bipolar plates on the Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, and proposed an accelerated testing and statistical lifetime model to estimate the lifetime of Membrane Electrode assembly.
Abstract: Stack Components- Dissolution and Stabilization of Platinum in Oxygen Cathodes- Carbon-Support Requirements for Highly Durable Fuel Cell Operation- Chemical Degradation of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membranes- Chemical Degradation: Correlations Between Electrolyzer and Fuel Cell Findings- Improvement of Membrane and Membrane Electrode Assembly Durability- Durability of Radiation-Grafted Fuel Cell Membranes- Durability Aspects of Gas-Diffusion and Microporous Layers- High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Durability Insights- Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Durability- Influence of Metallic Bipolar Plates on the Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells- Durability of Graphite Composite Bipolar Plates- Gaskets: Important Durability Issues- Cells and Stack Operation- Air Impurities- Impurity Effects on Electrode Reactions in Fuel Cells- Performance and Durability of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Operating with Reformate: Effects of CO, CO2, and Other Trace Impurities- Subfreezing Phenomena in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells- Application of Accelerated Testing and Statistical Lifetime Modeling to Membrane Electrode Assembly Development- Operating Requirements for Durable Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stacks- Design Requirements for Bipolar Plates and Stack Hardware for Durable Operation- Heterogeneous Cell Ageing in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stacks- System Perspectives- Degradation Factors of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells in Residential Cogeneration Systems- Fuel Cell Stack Durability for Vehicle Application- R&D Status- Durability Targets for Stationary and Automotive Applications in Japan
303 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a poly(ether-imide)-based anion exchange membrane with no free base has been prepared and characterized for its ionic conductivity in water, which is a critical metric of its applicability in a liquid-fed direct methanol fuel cell.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art studies of mass transport of different species, including the reactants (methanol, oxygen and water) and the products (water and carbon dioxide) in DMFCs.
227 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructure (CNx) catalysts developed by acetonitrile pyrolysis have been studied to better understand their role in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in PEM and direct methanol fuel cell environments.
Abstract: Nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructure (CNx) catalysts developed by acetonitrile pyrolysis have been studied to better understand their role in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in PEM and direct methanol fuel cell environments. Additional functionalization of the CNx catalysts with nitric acid has the ability to improve both the activity and selectivity towards ORR.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electrochemical activities of three bimetallic Pt-M (M = Fe, Co, and Ni) catalysts in methanol oxidation have been investigated, and the satisfactory results shed some light on how the use of Pt-Co/CNT composite could be a promising electrocatalyst for high-performance direct methanoline fuel cell applications.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Pd and PdNi nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC-72 carbon were prepared by a chemical reduction with formic acid process and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry.
166 citations
01 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the history, status and perspectives of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell development and state-of-the-art technologies for different fields of application. But their focus is on the development of DMFC.
Abstract: Preface. List of Contributors. 1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: History, Status and Perspectives ( Antonino Salvatore Arico, Vincenzo Baglio, and Vincenzo Antonucci). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Concept of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. 1.3 Historical Aspects of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Development and State-of-the-Art. 1.4 Current Status of DMFC Technology for Different Fields of Application. References. 2 Nanostructured Electrocatalyst Synthesis: Fundamental and Methods ( Nitin C. Bagkar, Hao Ming Chen, Harshala Parab, and Ru-Shi Liu). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fundamental Understanding of the Structure-Activity Relationship. 2.3 Synthetic Methods of Conventional Carbon-Supported Catalysts. 2.4 Synthetic Methods of Novel Unsupported Pt Nanostructures. 2.5 Conclusions. References. 3 Electrocatalyst Characterization and Activity Validation - Fundamentals and Methods ( Loka Subramanyam Sarma, Fadlilatul Taufany, and Bing-Joe Hwang). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells - Role of Electrocatalysts. 3.3 Characterization Techniques for Anode and Cathode Catalysts. 3.4 Evaluation of Electrocatalyst Activity, Electrochemical Active Surface Area, Catalyst - Adsorbate Interactions, and Activity Validation Techniques. 3.5 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 4 Combinatorial and High Throughput Screening of DMFC Electrocatalysts ( Rongzhong Jiang and Deryn Chu). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Common Procedures for the Development of DMFC Catalysts. 4.3 General Methods for Combinatorial and High Throughput Screening. 4.4 Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis. 4.5 Electrode Arrays for High Throughput Screening. 4.6 Other Screening Methods for Catalyst Discovery. 4.7 Combinatorial Methods for DMFC Evaluation and Data Analysis. 4.8 Challenge and Perspective. References. 5 State-of-the-Art Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( Hanwei Lei, Paolina Atanassova, Yipeng Sun, and Berislav Blizanac). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for DMFC. 5.3 DMFC Electrocatalyst Characterization and Evaluation. 5.4 DMFC Performance Advancement via MEA Design. 5.5 Prospects for DMFC. 5.6 Conclusions. References. 6 Platinum Alloys as Anode Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( Ermete Antolini). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Phase Diagram vs. Activity: New Chances for DMFC Anodes. 6.3 Preparation Methods of Pt Alloys. 6.4 Activity Evaluation of Pt Alloys. 6.5 Stability of Pt-Ru Catalysts in DMFC Environment. 6.6 Conclusions. References. 7 Methanol-Tolerant Cathode Catalysts for DMFC ( Claude Lamy, Christophe Coutanceau, and Nicolas Alonso-Vante). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). 7.3 Experimental Details. 7.4 Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanostructured Catalysts for the ORR. 7.5 Catalyst Tolerance in the Presence of Methanol. 7.6 Summary and Outlook. References. 8 Carbon Nanotube-Supported Catalysts for the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell ( Chen-Hao Wang, Li-Chyong Chen, and Kuei-Hsien Chen). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Catalysts. 8.3 Characteristics of the Carbon Nanotube Electrode. 8.4 Electrochemical Behavior of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Catalysts. 8.5 Direct Growth of Carbon Nanotubes as Catalyst Supports. 8.6 Conclusion. References. 9 Mesoporous Carbon-Supported Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( Chanho Pak, Ji Man Kim, and Hyuk Chang). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Mesoporous Carbon. 9.3 Mesoporous Carbon-Supported Catalyst. 9.4 Fuel Cell Performance of Mesoporous Carbon-Supported Catalyst. 9.5 Summary and Prospect. References. 10 Proton Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( Dae Sik Kim, Michael D. Guiver, and Yu Seung Kim). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Synthesis of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for DMFC. 10.3 Conclusions. References. 11 Fabrication and Optimization of DMFC Catalyst Layers and Membrane Electrode Assemblies ( Liang Ma, Yunjie Huang, Ligang Feng, Wei Xing, and Jiujun Zhang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Components for DMFC Catalyst Layer Optimization. 11.3 Catalyzed DMFC Electrode Structure and Fabrication Process. 11.4 Other Electrode Fabrication Methods for DMFCs. 11.5 Summary. References. 12 Local Current Distribution in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( Andrei A. Kulikovsky and Klaus Wippermann). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Model. 12.3 The Bifunctional Regime of DMFC Operation. 12.4 Direct Methanol-Hydrogen Fuel Cells (DMHFCs). 12.5 Bifunctional Activation of DMFC. 12.6 Conclusions. 12.7 List of symbols. References. 13 Electrocatalysis in the Direct Methanol Alkaline Fuel Cell ( Keith Scott and Eileen Yu). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 History of Alkaline Methanol Fuel Cells. 13.3 Electrocatalysis of Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media. 13.4 Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Tolerant Electrocatalysts. 13.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells in Alkaline Media. 13.6 Direct Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. 13.7 Alkaline Fuel Cells with other Direct Liquid Fuels. 13.8 Conclusions. References. 14 Electrocatalysis in Other Direct Liquid Fuel Cells ( Sharon L. Blair and Wai Lung (Simon) Law). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Electrocatalysis of Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells. 14.3 Electrocatalysis of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells. 14.4 Electrocatalysis of Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cells. 14.5 Other Direct Liquid Fueled Fuel Cells. 14.6 Summary. References. Index.
150 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a carbon-supported Pt-Au alloy was used as the cathode catalyst in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) to achieve a peak power density of 120 mW/cm2 at 70 °C.
Abstract: A Pt-Au alloy catalyst of varying compositions is prepared by codeposition of Pt and Au nanoparticles onto a carbon support to evaluate its electrocatalytic activity toward an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with methanol tolerance in direct methanol fuel cells. The optimum atomic weight ratio of Pt to Au in the carbon-supported Pt-Au alloy (Pt-Au/C) as established by cell polarization, linear-sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies is determined to be 2:1. A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) comprising a carbon-supported Pt-Au (2:1) alloy as the cathode catalyst delivers a peak power density of 120 mW/cm2 at 70 °C in contrast to the peak power density value of 80 mW/cm2 delivered by the DMFC with carbon-supported Pt catalyst operating under identical conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on a small model cluster reflect electron transfer from Pt to Au within the alloy to be responsible for the synergistic promotion of the oxygen-reduction reaction on a Pt-Au electrode.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three types of proton-conducting composite membranes (CS/PMA, CS/PWA and CS/SiWA composite membranes) have been developed for direct methanol fuel cells.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite polymer electrolyte membrane composed of a PVA polymer host and montmorillonite (MMT) ceramic fillers was prepared by a solution casting method, which showed good thermal and mechanical properties and high ionic conductivity.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) polymer and inorganic proton conducting fillers developed from tungstosilicic acids (SiWA) loaded on silica-aluminium oxide (SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 ) composite were used for composite membranes.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of Nafion-clay nanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized, and they were used for direct methanol fuel cell applications.
TL;DR: The synthesis of an organic-inorganic hybrid zwitterionomer silica precursor with ammonium and sulfonic acid functionality by the ring-opening of 3-propanesultone under mild heating conditions and the preparation procedure of a proton-conductive and stable organic- inorganic zWitterion-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cross-linked PEM by sol-gel in aqueous media are reported.
Abstract: Recently, organic−inorganic nanocomposite zwitterionic polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) have attracted remarkable interest for application to the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operated at intermediate temperature (100−200 °C). In this paper, we report the synthesis of an organic−inorganic hybrid zwitterionomer silica precursor with ammonium and sulfonic acid functionality by the ring-opening of 3-propanesultone under mild heating conditions and the preparation procedure of a proton-conductive and stable organic−inorganic zwitterion−poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cross-linked PEM by sol−gel in aqueous media. Developed PEMs were extensively characterized by studying their physicochemical and electrochemical properties under DMFC operating conditions. These membranes were designed to possess all of the required properties of a proton-conductive membrane, namely, reasonable swelling, good mechanical, dimensional, and oxidative strength, flexibility, and low methanol permeability along with reasonable proton...
12 Oct 2009
TL;DR: Aricò, A.S., Cretì, P., Modica, E., Monforte, G, Modica et al., Antonucci, P.L. andAntonucci, V.E. (2000) Electrochim. Commun., 2 (7), 466-470.
Abstract: s, October 30-November, Portland, Oregon, pp. 75–78. 71 Iwasita, T., Nart, F.C. and Vielstich, W. (1990) Ber. Bunsenges Phys. Chem., 94 (9), 1030–1034. 72 Rolison, D.R., Hagans, P.L., Swider, K.L. and Long, J.W. (1999) Langmuir, 15 (3), 774–779. 73 Aricò, A.S., Monforte, G., Modica, E., Antonucci, P.L. and Antonucci, V. (2000) Electrochem. Commun., 2 (7), 466–470. 74 Hamnett, A., Kennedy, B.J. and Wagner, F.E. (1990) J. Catal., 124 (1), 30–40. 75 Aricò, A.S., Cretì, P., Modica, E., Monforte, G., Baglio, V. andAntonucci, V. (2000) Electrochim. Acta, 45 (25–26), 4319–4328. 76 Aricò, A.S., Baglio, V., Di Blasi, A., Modica, E., Antonucci, P.L. and 72j 1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: History, Status and Perspectives
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membrane composed of PVA polymer matrix and nanosized Montmorillonite (MMT) filler, was prepared by a solution casting method.
TL;DR: In this article, a PANI/N117-based MEA was proposed to reduce the methanol crossover in the direct methanoline fuel cell (DMFC), which is beneficial for the DMFC operating at high methanolic concentration.
TL;DR: A series of hydrocarbon membranes consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), sulfosuccinic acid (SSA), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (SIPN-20) were synthesized and characterized for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of blending chitosan sulfate membranes have been developed by grafting the chitosa monomers with sulfonic groups, then cross-linking the polymers from the bond reactions between the sulfonic group in the chito and the amido groups in the pure chito monomers.
TL;DR: In this article, an organic-inorganic composite membrane comprising Nation with inorganic materials such as silica, mesoporous zirconium phosphate (MZP) and MTP is fabricated and evaluated as proton-exchange-membrane electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
TL;DR: In this paper, the crosslinkable sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s (SPEEKs) were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of diallyl bisphenol A, tert-butylhydroquinone, 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone and sodium 5,5′-carbonylbis(2-fluorobensene-sulfonate).
TL;DR: In this article, the PtRu nanoparticles were synthesized by impregnation method and subsequent alcohol reduction, and the results on PtRu electrocatalysts supported on both as received and functionalized carbon black were compared.
Abstract: This study presents results on PtRu electrocatalysts supported on both as received and functionalized carbon black. The electrochemical properties of both home-made and commercial PtRu electrocatalysts were compared to PtRu supported on functionalized carbon black. The PtRu nanoparticles were synthesized by the impregnation method and subsequent alcohol reduction. Transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that the PtRu electrocatalysts supported on functionalized carbon black are more homogeneously distributed than all other studied materials. Cyclic voltammetric electrocatalyst curves experiments showed higher activity for the PtRu supported on functionalized carbon black. This enhanced performance is related to the better nanoparticle distribution on functionalized carbon black. The better performance can also be inferred by the better nanoparticles utilization. The nanoparticles are now located outside from the pore structure of the carbon black. Hence, the nanoparticles are more exposed and available to the reactants, enhancing the catalyst performance and avoiding the waste of noble catalysts.
TL;DR: The hollow core mesoporous shell (HCMS) carbon has been explored for the first time as a cathode catalyst support in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Hollow core mesoporous shell (HCMS) carbon has been explored for the first time as a cathode catalyst support in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) The HCMS carbon consisting of discrete spherical particles possesses unique structural characteristics including large specific surface area and mesoporous volume and well-developed interconnected void structure, which are highly desired for a cathode catalyst support in low temperature fuel cells Significant enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction has been achieved by the HCMS carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles compared with carbon black Vulcan XC-72-supported ones in the DMFC In addition, much higher power was delivered by the Pt/HCMS catalysts (ie, corresponding to an enhancement of ca 91–128% in power density compared with that of Pt/Vulcan), suggesting that HCMS carbon is a unique cathode catalyst support in direct methanol fuel cell
TL;DR: Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s (SPEEKs) were substituted on a polymer main chain that had previously been prepared by sulfonation of poly( ether ether ketones) in concentrated sulfuric acid for a specified time The product was then blended with Nafion® to create composite membranes as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed efficient electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation using new synthetic method facilitating deposition of Pt-Ru very thin nanoplatelets on carbon nanoparticles.
TL;DR: In this article, Nafion® and bio-functionalized montmorillonite (BMMT) with chitosan biopolymer, as polycationic intercalant were fabricated by solvent casting method.
TL;DR: In this article, a core-shell structured low-Pt catalyst, PdPt@Pt/C, with high performance towards both methanol anodic oxidation and oxygen cathodic reduction, as well as in a single hydrogen/air fuel cell, is prepared by a two-step colloidal approach.
TL;DR: In this paper, carbon nanotubes used as supports for platinum catalysts deposited with metal oxides (CeO 2, TiO 2 and SnO 2 ) were prepared for their application as anode catalysts in a direct methanol fuel cell.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of self-assembled multilayered film on Nafion was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and it was found that the polyelectrolyte layers growth on the surface regularly.
TL;DR: Results show that the Friedel-Craft crosslinking of the novel sPPSSfN membrane effectively reduces water uptake and the degree of swelling while improving the dimensional stability and maintaining high proton conductivity.
Abstract: With a view towards direct methanol fuel cell applications, novel sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone nitrile) (sPPSSfN) has been prepared and subsequently crosslinked by a Friedel-Craft reaction using 4,4'-oxybis(benzoic acid) as a crosslinker to achieve lower water swelling and lower methanol permeability. The dimensional change of SPPSSfN40 is 43.7% in 90 °C liquid water but that of the crosslinked membrane, XsPPSSfN40, is 23.3% while maintaining proton conductivity at 0.22 S · cm(-1) . These results show that the Friedel-Craft crosslinking of the novel sPPSSfN membrane effectively reduces water uptake and the degree of swelling while improving the dimensional stability and maintaining high proton conductivity.
TL;DR: Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) -silica membranes doped with phosphotungstic acid (PWA) are presented in this article.