Showing papers on "Effluent published in 2009"
TL;DR: Major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits.
1,862 citations
TL;DR: Treated wastewater effluents were the main contributors to PPCPs concentrations in the rivers studied, and the effect of WWTP effluent on the quality of river water is significant and cannot be underestimated.
1,436 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the sensitive detection of contamination events in recycled water systems may be achieved by monitoring Peak T and/or Peak C fluorescence.
845 citations
TL;DR: Titanium (Ti) occurs naturally in soils and as highly purified titanium dioxide (Ti5O2) in many commercial products that have been used for decades and is monitored in environment where WWTP liquid effluent is discharged or biomass disposed to increase knowledge on the fate and transport of other nanomaterials in the environment.
Abstract: Titanium (Ti) occurs naturally in soils and as highly purified titanium dioxide (Ti5O2) in many commercial products that have been used for decades. We report for the first time the occurrence, characterization, and removal of nano- and larger-sized Ti at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). At one WWTP studied in detail, raw sewage contained 100 to nearly 3000 microg TVL Ti larger than 0.7 microm accounted for the majority of the Ti in raw sewage, and this fraction was well removed by WWTP processes. Ti concentrations in effluents from this and several other WWTPs ranged from <5 to 15 microg/L and were nearly all present in the < 0.7 microm size fraction. As Ti was removed, it accumulated in settled solids at concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 microg Ti/mg. Ti-containing solids were imaged in sewage, biosolids, and liquid effluent as well as in commercial products containing engineered TiO2. Single nanoparticles plus spherical aggregates (50 nm to a few hundred nanometer in size) composed of sub-50 nm spheres of Ti and oxygen only (presumably TiO2) were observed in all samples. Significantly larger silicate particles containing a mixture of Ti and other metal atoms were also observed in the samples. To support the field work, laboratory adsorption batch and sequencing batch reactor experiments using TiO2 and activated sludge bacteria verified that adsorption of TiO2 onto activated sludge biomass occurs. Monitoring for TiO2 in the environment where WWTP liquid effluent is discharged (rivers, lakes, oceans) or biomass disposed (landfills, agriculture and soil amendments, incinerator off-gas or residuals) will increase our knowledge on the fate and transport of other nanomaterials in the environment
742 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the environmental fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a major production area for the global bulk drug market, where water samples were taken from a common effluent treatment plant near Hyderabad, India, which receives process water from approximately 90 bulk drug manufacturers.
Abstract: Low levels of pharmaceuticals are detected in surface, ground, and drinking water worldwide. Usage and incorrect disposal have been considered the major environmental sources of these microcontaminants. Recent publications, however, suggest that wastewater from drug production can potentially be a source of much higher concentrations in certain locations. The present study investigated the environmental fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a major production area for the global bulk drug market. Water samples were taken from a common effluent treatment plant near Hyderabad, India, which receives process water from approximately 90 bulk drug manufacturers. Surface water was analyzed from the recipient stream and from two lakes that are not contaminated by the treatment plant. Water samples were also taken from wells in six nearby villages. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 12 pharmaceuticals with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All wells were determined to be contaminated with drugs. Ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, cetirizine, terbinafine, and citalopram were detected at more than 1 microg/L in several wells. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (14 mg/L) and cetirizine (2.1 mg/L) were found in the effluent of the treatment plant, together with high concentrations of seven additional pharmaceuticals. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (up to 6.5 mg/L), cetirizine (up to 1.2 mg/L), norfloxacin (up to 0.52 mg/L), and enoxacin (up to 0.16 mg/L) were also detected in the two lakes, which clearly shows that the investigated area has additional environmental sources of insufficiently treated industrial waste. Thus, insufficient wastewater management in one of the world's largest centers for bulk drug production leads to unprecedented drug contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water. This raises serious concerns regarding the development of antibiotic resistance, and it creates a major challenge for producers and regulatory agencies to improve the situation.
741 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the environmental fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a major production area for the global bulk drug market, where water samples were taken from a common effluent treatment plant near Hyderabad, India, which receives process water from approximately 90 bulk drug manufacturers.
Abstract: Low levels of pharmaceuticals are detected in surface, ground, and drinking water worldwide. Usage and incorrect disposal have been considered the major environmental sources of these microcontaminants. Recent publications, however, suggest that wastewater from drug production can potentially be a source of much higher concentrations in certain locations. The present study investigated the environmental fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a major production area for the global bulk drug market. Water samples were taken from a common effluent treatment plant near Hyderabad, India, which receives process water from approximately 90 bulk drug manufacturers. Surface water was analyzed from the recipient stream and from two lakes that are not contaminated by the treatment plant. Water samples were also taken from wells in six nearby villages. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 12 pharmaceuticals with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All wells were determined to be contaminated with drugs. Ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, cetirizine, terbinafine, and citalopram were detected at more than 1 mg/L in several wells. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (14 mg/L) and cetirizine (2.1 mg/L) were found in the effluent of the treatment plant, together with high concentrations of seven additional pharmaceuticals. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (up to 6.5 mg/L), cetirizine (up to 1.2 mg/L), norfloxacin (up to 0.52 mg/L), and enoxacin (up to 0.16 mg/L) were also detected in the two lakes, which clearly shows that the investigated area has additional environmental sources of insufficiently treated industrial waste. Thus, insufficient wastewater management in one of the world's largest centers for bulk drug production leads to unprecedented drug contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water. This raises serious concerns regarding the development of antibiotic resistance, and it creates a major challenge for producers and regulatory agencies to improve the situation.
671 citations
TL;DR: The impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States freshwater systems is reviewed and reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharging to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water.
Abstract: Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States (US) freshwater systems While urban and agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient processes Population growth, increased wastewater volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater treatment Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater is an important aspect of water quality management because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent water bodies from meeting designated uses WWTPs employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure that may be economically prohibitive Therefore, effluent nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular processes used to treat influent wastewater Increasingly stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive water recycling programs within many US regions Reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water However, nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation
410 citations
TL;DR: Bacterial cytotoxicity displays time dependence, with longer exposure times accentuating toxicity in monocultures with initial tolerance for CBNs, and CBN toxicity in bacterial monoculture was a poor predictor of microbial inactivation in chemically and biologically complex environmental samples.
Abstract: This study evaluates the cytotoxicity of four carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs)--single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), aqueous phase C60 nanoparticles (aq-nC60), and colloidal graphite--in gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The potential impacts of CBNs on microorganisms in natural and engineered aquatic systems are also evaluated. SWNTs inactivate the highest percentage of cells in monocultures of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermis, as well as in the diverse microbial communities of river water and wastewater effluent. Bacterial cytotoxicity displays time dependence, with longer exposure times accentuating toxicity in monocultures with initial tolerance for SWNTs. In Bacillus subtilis, an additional 3.5 h of incubation produced a five fold increase in toxicity. Elevated concentration of NOM reduces the attachment of bacteria on SWNT aggregates by 50%, but does not mitigate toxicity toward attached cells. CBN toxicity in bacterial monocultures was a poor predictor of microbial inactivation in chemically and biologically complex environmental samples.
363 citations
TL;DR: WWTP effluent was found to be a significant source of pharmaceutical loading to the receiving waters and Methamphetamine, an illicit pharmaceutical, was detected at all but one of the sampling locations, representing only the second report of methamphetamine detected in WW TP effluent and in streams impacted by WWTP effluents.
348 citations
TL;DR: Results of multi-residue analysis of antibiotics in the samples indicate that SAs, FQs and TCs were widely used veterinary medicines in the pig farms, and higher elimination rates (more than 80%) of the antibiotics were observed in effluent in this study.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the treatment of synthetic azo dye production wastewaters from Acid Blue 193 and Reactive Black 39 production and real reactive black 39 production effluent via Photo-Fenton-like process was investigated.
Abstract: Treatability of synthetic azo dye production wastewaters from Acid Blue 193 and Reactive Black 39 production and real Reactive Black 39 production effluent via Photo-Fenton-like process was investigated. Response surface methodology was employed to assess individual and interactive effects of critical process parameters (Fe 3+ , H 2 O 2 concentrations; initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and reaction time) on treatment performance in terms of color, COD and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies. Optimized reaction conditions for synthetic AB 193 production wastewater were established as Fe 3+ = 1.5 mM; H 2 O 2 = 35 mM for CODs ≤ 200 mg/L and a reaction time of 45 min. Under these conditions, 98% color, 78% COD and 59% TOC removals were experimentally obtained and fitted the model predictions well. The same model also described the treatment of synthetic Reactive Black 39 production wastewater satisfactorily. Experimentally achieved removals were considerably lower than model predictions for real Reactive Black 39 production effluent due to its high chloride content.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-stage dark-fermentation and electrohydrogenesis process was used to convert recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials into hydrogen gas at high yields and rates.
TL;DR: The results suggest that mass flow of these two compounds remains consistent after treatment of activated sludge process operating at short sludge retention time (SRT), and seasonal variations of PFOS in concentrations of raw sewage were found in plant A, while PFOA did not have significant seasonal variation in both plants A and B.
TL;DR: The pharmaceutical residues from Scaynes Hill WTW were eventually discharged into the river Ouse, causing an elevation in their concentrations downstream of the outfall, confirmed by the good agreement between measured concentrations and those predicted by a simple dilution model.
TL;DR: Denitrification became the dominant ammonium removal process when the COD loading was increased and facilitated heterotrophic denitrification in the anammox process.
TL;DR: One design/operations parameter in wastewater treatment, the decision to have a long enough solids retention time to get reliable nitrification, affected much beyond its immediate goal of ammonium oxidation.
Abstract: Unintentional, indirect wastewater reuse often occurs as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges contaminate receiving waters serving as drinking-water supplies. A survey was conducted at 23 WWTPs that utilized a range of treatment technologies. Samples were analyzed for typical wastewater and drinking-water constituents, chemical characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), and disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors present in the effluent organic matter (EfOM). This was the first large-scale assessment of the critical water quality parameters that affect the formation of potential carcinogens during drinking water treatment relative to the discharge of upstream WWTPs. This study considered a large and wide range of variables, including emerging contaminants rarely studied at WWTPs and never before in one study. This paper emphasizes the profound impact of nitrification on many measures of effluent water quality, from the obvious wastewater parameters (e.g., ammonia, biochemical oxygen de...
TL;DR: The photocatalytic treatment of an urban wastewater treatment plant effluent contaminated with a mixture of pharmaceutical compounds composed of amoxicillin, carbamazepine and diclofenac by TiO(2) photocatalysis did not completely reduce the toxicity under the investigated conditions.
TL;DR: Application of wastewaters with high potassium levels has been found to increase the overall level of soil fertility, with the exception of alkaline effluents which can dissolve soil organic carbon.
TL;DR: Solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were utilized to develop a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for trace analysis of 21 antibiotics belonging to 7 classes in influent and effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant in Hong Kong.
TL;DR: The application of Fenton oxidation process as a pre-treatment improved the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater and appears to be an affective solution to achieve compliance with the law legislation with respect to discharge in a determined receptor medium.
TL;DR: In this paper, a stepped solar still and an effluent settling tank are fabricated and tested for desalinating the textile effluent for improving the productivity of the textile textile still.
TL;DR: The treated wastewater consists of refractory materials and high organic content of hydrolyzed peptone residues from pharmaceutical factory and the combination of electrocoagulation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO(2)) conditions was maximized, pointing out that the combined treatment stresses this water purification.
TL;DR: It is shown that additional hydrogen can be produced from the effluent of an ethanol-type dark-fermentation reactor using a single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), and that hydrogen yields from fermentation can be substantially increased by using MECs.
TL;DR: Fenton's oxidation was the most effective among all used treatment procedures, biodegradability has been increased and toxicity reduced, and no method alone was effective enough to meet effluent limits for release into local surface waters.
TL;DR: The results showed that the application of the bacterial SOS/umuC assay and mammalian cell assays (MTT and comet assay) with HepG2 cells was suitably sensitive combination of assays to monitor genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters and surface waters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of scatter and reactive dyes wastewater treatment processes aiming at the destruction of the wastewater's color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction by means of coagulation/flocculation (CF) followed by sequential batch reactor (SBR) process are summarized.
TL;DR: The results show that zero-valent Fe/H2O2 could be considered as an effective alternative solution for the treatment of OMW or may be combined with a classical biological process to achieve high quality of effluent water.
TL;DR: Pilot-scale struvite crystallization tests using anaerobic effluent from potato processing industries were performed at three different plants, showing high phosphate removal efficiencies and the negative effect of high Ca(2+)/PO(4)(3-)-P molar ratio on Struvite formation.
TL;DR: This new combination process was proved to be highly compatible and efficient in a small-scale landfill leachate treatment plant and is recommended for small- scale landfill leachesate treatment plants.
TL;DR: Bacterial decolorization/degradation of dyes indicated on solid media was confirmed through experiments carried out in liquid broth, and overall bacterial resistance was quite high against Fe(3+) (2820), Cr (1203), Zn (1122), Mn (804) and Pb(2+) (435), whereas, it varied amid 300-500 in four dyes.