Showing papers on "Geothermal desalination published in 2012"
TL;DR: An energy consumption of 0.29 Wh l(-1) is demonstrated for the removal of 25% salt using this novel desalination battery, which is promising when compared to reverse osmosis, the most efficient technique presently available.
Abstract: Water desalination is an important approach to provide fresh water around the world, although its high energy consumption, and thus high cost, call for new, efficient technology. Here, we demonstrate the novel concept of a "desalination battery", which operates by performing cycles in reverse on our previously reported mixing entropy battery. Rather than generating electricity from salinity differences, as in mixing entropy batteries, desalination batteries use an electrical energy input to extract sodium and chloride ions from seawater and to generate fresh water. The desalination battery is comprised by a Na(2-x)Mn(5)O(10) nanorod positive electrode and Ag/AgCl negative electrode. Here, we demonstrate an energy consumption of 0.29 Wh l(-1) for the removal of 25% salt using this novel desalination battery, which is promising when compared to reverse osmosis (~ 0.2 Wh l(-1)), the most efficient technique presently available.
394 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review of the main innovations and future trends in the design of seawater reverse osmosis desalination technology is presented, with a special focus on the use of renewable energies as an innovation in the medium-term for medium and large production capacities.
385 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated forward and reverse osmosis process for seawater desalination for agricultural irrigation is proposed. But, the proposed method is limited in part because of high costs and energy consumption.
280 citations
TL;DR: A hybrid forward osmosis-nanofiltration (FO-NF) system designed for brackish water desalination was systematically investigated in this paper, and it was found that the hybrid FO-NF process has many advantages over the stand-alone RO process, such as lower hydraulic pressure, less flux decline caused by membrane fouling and higher flux recovery after cleaning.
223 citations
TL;DR: System optimization analysis revealed that doubling FO membrane packing density, tripling FO membrane permeability, and optimizing system operation could reduce the environmental impact of the hybrid ODN-SWRO process compared to SWRO by more than 25%; yet, novel hybrid nanofiltration-RO treatment of seawater and wastewater can achieve almost similar levels of environmental impact.
158 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed the concept of fertiliser drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) desalination for non-potable irrigation where maximum water is required.
Abstract: With the world’s population growing rapidly, pressure is increasing on the limited fresh water resources Membrane technology could play a vital role in solving the water scarcity issues through alternative sources such as saline water sources and wastewater reclamation The current generation of membrane technologies, particularly reverse osmosis (RO), has significantly improved in performance However, RO desalination is still energy intensive and any effort to improve energy efficiency increases total cost of the product water Since energy, environment and climate change issues are all inter-related, desalination for large-scale irrigation requires new novel technologies that address the energy issues Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology However, FO desalination for potable water is still a challenge because, recovery and regeneration of draw solutes require additional processes and energy This article focuses on the application of FO desalination for non-potable irrigation where maximum water is required In this concept of fertiliser drawn FO (FDFO) desalination, fertilisers are used as draw solutions (DS) The diluted draw solution after desalination can be directly applied for fertigation without the need for recovery and regeneration of DS FDFO desalination can make irrigation water available at comparatively lower energy than the current desalination technologies As a low energy technology, FDFO can be easily powered by renewable energy sources and therefore suitable for inland and remote applications This article outlines the concept of FDFO desalination and critically evaluates the scope and limitations of this technology for fertigation, including suggestions on options to overcome some of these limitations
122 citations
TL;DR: It was proven that the hybrid process is an energy-saving process and utilization of LNG cold energy could greatly reduce the total energy consumption.
121 citations
TL;DR: The concept of a novel osmotic microbial desalination cell (OsMDC) was presented and experimentally demonstrated in this article, which reduced salinity better than forward osmosis because of the combined water flux and electricity generation.
Abstract: The concept of a novel osmotic microbial desalination cell (OsMDC) was presented and experimentally demonstrated. The OsMDC reduced salinity better than forward osmosis because of the combined water flux and electricity generation, and it recovered more water than a conventional microbial desalination cell. The integrated functions of wastewater treatment, water desalination, and water recovery in an OsMDC will create environmental, energy, and economical benefits.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the conventional desalination technology in Europe reverse osmosis (RO) has been compared to the newly developed membrane based technology Memstill® by means of life cycle assessment (LCA).
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the design recommendations for solar reverse osmosis (RO) desalination based on solar organic Rankine cycles (SORC) were discussed and compared.
Abstract: This paper deals with the design recommendations for solar reverse osmosis (RO) desalination based on solar organic Rankine cycles (SORC). This technology can be the most energy-efficient technology for seawater and brackish water desalination within the small to medium power output range (up to 500 kW) of the power cycle if the system is properly designed. However, theoretical studies, design proposals and experimental works are very scarce and only very few solar reverse osmosis systems driven by ORC has been either implemented or analysed in the past. In this paper, those systems are outlined and general design recommendations from previous detailed analysis already publish are given for future RO desalination system to be designed based on SORC. Useful information is given about the selection of the working fluid and boundary conditions of the ORC, operation temperature and configuration of the solar field, suited solar collector and thermal energy storage technology, etc. Recommendations are exemplified with well selected numerical cases based on recommended working fluids and solar cycle configuration with proper values of design point parameters. Recommendations given in this paper could be helpful in future initiatives regarding the research and development of this promising solar desalination technology.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the reuse of waste heat recovered from high concentration photovoltaic thermal (HCPVT) systems for saline and brackish water desalination is presented.
TL;DR: In this article, different configurations of a brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination system have been compared from the view of normalized specific energy consumption (SEC).
Abstract: Desalination of brackish groundwater (BW) is an effective approach to augment water supply, especially for inland regions that are far from seawater resources. Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination is still subject to intensive energy consumption compared to the theoretical minimum energy demand. Here, we review some of the BWRO plants with various system arrangements. We look at how to minimize energy demands, as these contribute considerably to the cost of desalinated water. Different configurations of BWRO system have been compared from the view point of normalized specific energy consumption (SEC). Analysis is made at theoretical limits. The SEC reduction of BWRO can be achieved by (i) increasing number of stages, (ii) using an energy recovery device (ERD), or (iii) operating the BWRO in batch mode or closed circuit mode. Application of more stages not only reduces SEC but also improves water recovery. However, this improvement is less pronounced when the number of stages exceeds four. Alternatively and more favourably, the BWRO system can be operated in Closed Circuit Desalination (CCD) mode and gives a comparative SEC to that of the 3-stage system with a recovery ratio of 80%. A further reduction of about 30% in SEC can be achieved through batch-RO operation. Moreover, the costly ERDs and booster pumps are avoided with both CCD and batch-RO, thus furthering the effectiveness of lowering the costs of these innovative approaches.
TL;DR: In this article, a carrier gas based desalination cycle is proposed, which can use steam at a high temperature ( > 120°C) without causing formation of hard scales.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the preliminary field test data of a two-stage low temperature phase-change desalination process, which operates at low temperatures and low pressures generated by local barometric head.
TL;DR: In this paper, different solutions to the most commonly used desalination process (RO, MSF, MED), and solar energy production technology compatible with Desalination, are presented, and a review of various projects will detail the practical aspects of floor space and actual production costs of fresh water.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the internal parameters on a double slope plane solar still was studied and it was found that the distillate production rate increases when the difference between the temperature of water and glass decreases.
TL;DR: In this article, a seawater reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by an organic Rankine cycle heated by a parabolic trough solar field is designed to provide the total electricity demand.
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermodynamic study is performed on a reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit with and without energy recovery device, based on the application of mass and energy balances on each subsystem as well as on the whole unit and using the properties of saltwater modeled as ideal solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, parabolic trough power plants for electricity production have been analyzed in combination with multi-effect distillation (MED) and ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants for two sites in Israel (Ashdod) and Jordan (Aqaba).
Abstract: Combined concentrating solar power (CSP) and desalination plants represent a realistic future option for the production of electricity and fresh water for countries of the world’s sunbelt. In this paper, parabolic trough power plants for electricity production have been analysed in combination with multi-effect distillation (MED) and ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants for two sites in Israel (Ashdod) and Jordan (Aqaba). Both RO and MED desalination plants were designed for a fresh water production capacity of 24,000 m3/d. The power block of the CSP plant was selected to meet the steam consumption of the MED plant at the design point, which led to a gross electrical power generation capacity of the power block of 42 MWel. Due to the low availability and generally high cost of coastal land, the CSP + RO plant consists of two separate units. It was assumed that the CSP plant is located at an inland location where there is land available. The RO plant is located at the sea, whil...
TL;DR: In this article, a portable desalination prototype with a low environmental impact has been developed and tested based on a reverse osmosis process powered by solar panels without using an intermediate storage battery.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the use of low grade heat from process industries for thermal desalination processes as this is relevant not only to current energy conservation schemes but also may play a role in increasing the capacity to satisfy future water demands.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an integrated production of fresh water and salts may be achieved using the discharge brine from a desalination plant as a feed for conventional salt ponds, with the advantages of using brine more concentrated than sea water.
Abstract: Seawater desalination is becoming an important source of fresh water in several countries all around the world. One of the main drawbacks of desalination processes, however, is related to the disposal of large quantities of concentrated brine, which is an always-present by-product of the process. An integrated production of fresh water and salts may be achieved using the discharge brine from a desalination plant as a feed for conventional salt ponds, with the advantages of using brine more concentrated than sea water and, in the case of thermal desalination plants, warmer than sea water. By doing so, the process is faster as a consequence of the enhancement of evaporation rate on the surface of ponds. The above concept has been proposed already several years ago, but only rare examples exist of real applications. A pilot test has been performed in the last 4 years in Trapani (Italy), where a 36,000-m3/d multiple effects desalination with thermal vapour compression plant is operating very close to...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the operation of the solar diffusion driven desalination process under dynamic operating conditions, where the solar heat input is recycled in a unique dynamic mode so that it does not require an external source of cooling water.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a desalination process using renewable energy in the form of thermal energy (for MSF) or electric power (for RO) in the regions of Northern Africa, Middle East, and Central and Southern Asia.
Abstract: Shortage of drinking water is chronic, severe, and wide-spread in the regions of Northern Africa, Middle East, and Central and Southern Asia. Conventional processes like MSF and RO require large amounts of energy in the form of thermal energy (for MSF) or electric power (for RO). Most desalination plants using these technologies are fossil-fuel driven. This results in a large carbon footprint for the desalination plant, and sensitivity to the price and availability of oil.
TL;DR: In this paper, a large volume of diverse experimental results recently published on closed circuit desalination (CCD) technology reveal new state-of-the-art technology of high recovery; low reverse osmosis (RO) energy in the absence of energy recovery; reduced scaling and fouling with a wide range of operational flux without exceeding membranes' test condition specifications.
Abstract: Since first reported on October 2010 (EuroMed 2010, “Desalination for clean water and energy”, 3–7 October, Tel Aviv, Israel), the large volume of diverse experimental results recently published on closed circuit desalination (CCD) technology reveal new state-of-the-art technology of high recovery; low reverse osmosis (RO) energy in the absence of energy recovery; reduced scaling and fouling with a wide range of operational flux without exceeding membranes’ test condition specifications and flexible online control of all principle parameters in desalination processes independent of each other; of unmatched performance characteristics compared with the widely practised conventional plug flow desalination methods. In order to realize the scope and prospects of the new CCD technology on the basis of its performance characteristics which appears to presently meet most, if not all, long-term (20 years) targets of the growing worldwide desalination industry with high cost effectiveness, the present doc...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed closed circuit desalination (CCD) trials of Mediterranean Water, performed with a new technology unit of different configurations comprising four modules each of 1-4 membrane elements, reveal the RO energy range 1.8-2.8 kWh m−3 in the respective flux range 8-40 lmh for recovery up to 50%.
Abstract: Closed circuit desalination (CCD) trials of Mediterranean Water, performed with a new technology unit of different configurations comprising four modules each of 1–4 membrane elements, reveal the RO energy range 1.8–2.8 kWh m−3 in the respective flux range 8–40 lmh for recovery up to 50%. Mediterranean trials RO energy of the new technology at flux of 13–14 lmh of conventional SWRO plants was found in the range 1.9–2.1 kWh m−3 with a plausible further improvement to 1.7–1.8 kWh m−3 expected with efficiency of feed pressurizing and concentrate recycling means of 85% and 60%, respectively. The extensive experimental data of Mediterranean water desalination trials by the new technology disclosed herein, reveal an extraordinarily energy efficient technology of high flux capability which operates without any need for energy recovery.
TL;DR: In this article, a model-based optimization methodology is validated in an industrial brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination plant in Southern California, where a 10% reduction in energy consumption can be achieved while maintaining the same permeate flow rate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the trilateral flash cycle was used for combined desalination and power generation from salinity gradient solar ponds in the salt affected areas of Australia, and the performance of the proposed plant operating in northern Victoria, Australia was analysed and the results are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a proposed desalination system uses solar radiation, which concentrated by parabolic dish to heat up the working fluid in a closed space, then the generated pressure in this space used to push salt water into RO module.
Journal Article•
26 May 2012-World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
TL;DR: In this article, the draw solute separation process in Forward Osmosis desalination was simulated in Aspen Plus chemical process modeling software, to estimate the energy consumption and compare it with other Desalination processes.
Abstract: The draw solute separation process in Forward Osmosis desalination was simulated in Aspen Plus chemical process modeling software, to estimate the energy consumption and compare it with other desalination processes, mainly the Reverse Osmosis process which is currently most prevalent. The electrolytic chemistry for the system was retrieved using the Elec – NRTL property method in the Aspen Plus database. Electrical equivalent of energy required in the Forward Osmosis desalination technique was estimated and compared with the prevalent desalination techniques. Keywords—Desalination, Energy, Forward Osmosis, Separation