Showing papers on "Literature survey published in 2000"
TL;DR: The results emphasize the wide range of species-specific responses to fragmentation, the need for understanding of behavioral mechanisms affecting these responses, and the potential for changing responses to frag- mentation over time.
Abstract: Habitat destruction and fragmentation are the root causes of many conservation problems. We conducted a literature survey and canvassed the ecological community to identify experimental studies of terrestrial habitat fragmentation and to determine whether consistent themes were emerging from these studies. Our survey revealed 20 fragmentation experiments worldwide. Most studies focused on effects of fragmentation on species richness or on the abundance(s) ofparticular species. Other important themes were the effect offragmentation in interspecific interactions, the role of corridors and landscape connectivity in in- dividual movements and species richness, and the influences of edge effects on ecosystem services. Our com- parisons showed a remarkable lack of consistency in results across studies, especially with regard to species richness and abundance relative to fragment size. Experiments with arthropods showed the best fit with the- oretical expectations of greater species richness on larger fragments. Highly mobile taxa such as birds and mammals, early-successional plant species, long-lived species, and generalist predators did not respond in the "expected" manner. Reasons for these discrepancies included edge effects, competitive release in the habitat fragments, and the spati.al scale of the experiments. One of the more consistently supported hypotheses was that movement and species richness are positively affected by corridors and connectivity, respectively. Tran- sient effects dominated many systems;,for example, crowding of individuals on fragments commonly was ob- served afterfragmentation, followed by a relaxation toward lower abundance in subsequentyears. The three long-term studies (?14 years) revealed strong patterns that would have been missed in short-term investiga- tions. Our results emphasize the wide range of species-specific responses to fragmentation, the need for eluci- dation of behavioral mechanisms affecting these responses, and the potentialfor changing responses to frag- mentation over time.
1,398 citations
TL;DR: This review highlights recent developments in the synthesis of functionalized 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones with a focus on the DHPMs recently developed as calcium channel modulators, alpha(1a) adrenoceptor-selective antagonists and compounds that target the mitotic machinery.
1,191 citations
TL;DR: An extensive literature survey on knowledge management explores knowledge management with respect to its content, its definition and domain in theory and practice, its use and implications, and to point out some problems inherent in the concept.
Abstract: Over the past several years there have been intensive discussions about the importance of knowledge management within our society. The management of knowledge is promoted as an important and necessary factor for organisational survival and maintenance of competitive strength. To remain at the forefront organisations need a good capacity to retain, develop, organise, and utilise their employees’ capabilities. Knowledge and the management of knowledge appear to be regarded as increasingly important features for organisational survival. Explores knowledge management with respect to its content, its definition and domain in theory and practice, its use and implications, and to point out some problems inherent in the concept. The main contribution of this paper is an extensive literature survey on knowledge management.
593 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a state-of-the-art survey on resilient stress-strain characteristics of unbound aggregates is presented, and different views on the impact of each individual factor are discussed.
Abstract: The findings of an extensive literature survey on the structural response of unbound aggregates are discussed in two companion papers. In this paper, a state of the art is presented on resilient stress-strain characteristics of such materials, as well as different modeling techniques. The resilient response of aggregates is affected by several factors with varying degrees of importance. These are presented, and different views on the impact of each individual factor are discussed. Research efforts in the past have resulted in different math- ematical models for predicting the resilient response of aggregates under repeated traffic-type loading. The models found in the literature are listed, and their advantages and shortcomings are reviewed. The permanent strain characteristics of unbound aggregates are considered in a separate companion paper.
524 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a state-of-the-art is presented on resilient stress-strain characteristics of unbound aggregates, as well as different modeling techniques, and different views on the impact of each individual factor are discussed.
Abstract: The findings of an extensive literature survey on the structural response of unbound aggregates are discussed in two companion papers. In this paper, a state of the art is presented on resilient stress-strain characteristics of such materials, as well as different modeling techniques. The resilient response of aggregates is affected by several factors with varying degrees of importance. These are presented, and different views on the impact of each individual factor are discussed. Research efforts in the past have resulted in different mathematical models for predicting the resilient response of aggregates under repeated traffic-type loading. The models found in the literature are listed, and their advantages and shortcomings are reviewed. The permanent strain characteristics of unbound aggregates are considered in a separate companion paper.
498 citations
TL;DR: Evaluating the performance of several state-of-the-art heuristics from the literature on the basis of a standard set of test instances and point out to the most promising procedures is presented.
445 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of several state-of-the-art heuristics from the literature on the basis of a standard set of test instances and point out to the most promising procedures.
Abstract: We consider heuristic algorithms for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem. Starting with a literature survey, we summarize the basic components of heuristic approaches. We briefly describe so-called X -pass methods which are based on priority rules as well as metaheuristic algorithms. Subsequently, we present the results of our in-depth computational study. Here, we evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art heuristics from the literature on the basis of a standard set of test instances and point out to the most promising procedures. Moreover, we analyze the behavior of the heuristics with respect to their components such as priority rules and metaheuristic strategy. Finally, we examine the impact of problem characteristics such as project size and resource scarceness on the performance.
438 citations
TL;DR: A literature survey of automatic 3D surface registration techniques emphasizing the mathematical and algorithmic underpinnings of the subject is presented and the state of the art among existing techniques is reviewed.
401 citations
TL;DR: Past and present efforts in the isolation of rare actinomycetes have enriched the Biosearch Italia Strain Collection with more than twenty thousand strains, showing that, when selective isolation methods are developed and extensively applied, some genera are not rare at all and can be recovered from many soil samples.
Abstract: A literature survey covering more than twenty-three thousand bioactive microbial products including eight thousand antiinfectives demonstrated the increasing relevance of the so called 'rare' actinomycetes as a source of new antibiotics. Past and present efforts in the isolation of rare actinomycetes have enriched the Biosearch Italia Strain Collection with more than twenty thousand strains, showing that, when selective isolation methods are developed and extensively applied, some genera, such as Actinomadura, Actinoplanes, Micromonospora, Microtetraspora, are not rare at all and can be recovered from many soil samples. The current focus is on the isolation of members of Streptosporangiaceae family, given their promising chemical diversity.
397 citations
16 Jul 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a literature survey based on more than 30 research publications on the subject of strategic bidding in competitive electricity markets, and present a set of market management rules.
Abstract: Participants in a competitive electricity market develop bidding strategies in order to maximize their own profits. On the other hand, it is necessary for regulators to investigate strategic bidding behavior in order to identify possible market power abuse and to limit such abuse by introducing appropriate market management rules. An interesting body of work has been done on this subject, and this paper presents a literature survey based on more than 30 research publications.
370 citations
TL;DR: An extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates across Africa from 1980 onwards supports the idea of highly heterogeneous risk at the continental, regional and country levels.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of an extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa from 1980 onwards. It first describes how the annual EIR data were collated, summarized, geo-referenced and staged for public access on the internet. Problems of data standardization, reporting accuracy and the subsequent publishing of information on the internet follow. The review was conducted primarily to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of malaria exposure in Africa and supports the idea of highly heterogeneous risk at the continental, regional and country levels. The implications for malaria control of the significant spatial (and seasonal) variation in exposure to infected mosquito bites are discussed.
TL;DR: Morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rates of hydatidosis uncovered by the cooperative study and the literature survey were not statistically significant; however, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have tremendously increased diagnostic specificity.
Abstract: Object. Hydatidosis is both a medical and an economic problem in Turkey. The aim of this study was to analyze central nervous system (CNS) involvement in this disease, the related problems the disease causes, and its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Methods. The authors conducted an extensive literature survey of the subject, in which papers published by Turkish authors in international and domestic journals were carefully analyzed. In addition, the authors conducted a cooperative study in which data were gathered from 47 neurosurgery departments across the country. The purpose was to determine the current status of the disease in Turkey; thus, each unit was questioned about their experience over the past 5 years. Contrary to common belief, the incidence of hydatidosis has not decreased significantly in Turkey. However, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have tremendously increased diagnostic specificity. Incidences of morbidity and mortality have improved over time, according to th...
TL;DR: The EcoGene12 differs from the GenBank annotation of the complete genome sequence in several ways, including the revision of 706 predicted or confirmed gene start sites, and the correction or hypothetical reconstruction of 61 frame-shifts caused by either sequence error or mutation.
Abstract: The EcoGene database provides a set of gene and protein sequences derived from the genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. EcoGene is a source of re-annotated sequences for the SWISS-PROT and Colibri databases. EcoGene is used for genetic and physical map compilations in collaboration with the Coli Genetic Stock Center. The EcoGene12 release includes 4293 genes. EcoGene12 differs from the GenBank annotation of the complete genome sequence in several ways, including (i) the revision of 706 predicted or confirmed gene start sites, (ii) the correction or hypothetical reconstruction of 61 frame-shifts caused by either sequence error or mutation, (iii) the reconstruction of 14 protein sequences interrupted by the insertion of IS elements, and (iv) pre-dictions that 92 genes are partially deleted gene fragments. A literature survey identified 717 proteins whose N-terminal amino acids have been verified by sequencing. 12 446 cross-references to 6835 literature citations and abstracts are provided. EcoGene is accessible at a new website: http://bmb.med.miami. edu/EcoGene/EcoWeb . Users can search and retrieve individual EcoGene GenePages or they can download large datasets for incorporation into database management systems, facilitating various genome-scale computational and functional analyses.
TL;DR: A comparison of two ballast sampling methods suggests that fishes have been undersampled in ballast-water studies, including the authors' own, and that the role of ballast transport in promoting fish invasions has been underestimated.
Abstract: Most studies characterizing successful biological invaders emphasize those traits that help a species establish a new population. Invasions are, however, multi-phase processes with at least two phases, dispersal and introduction, that occur before establishment. Characteristics that enhance survival at any of these three phases will contribute to invasion success. Here, we synthesize information on the dispersal, introduction, and establishment of fishes mediated by ship ballast-water transport. We synthesize 54 reports of at least 31 fish species collected from ballast tanks (Phase 1), including 28 new reports from our recent studies (1986 to 1996). Our literature survey revealed 40 reports of 32 fish species whose introductions have been attributed to ballast transport (Phase 2), of which at least 24 survived to establish persistent populations (Phase 3). We detected little overlap at the species level between these two data sets (Phase 1 vs Phases 2 and 3), but patterns emerged at the family level. The Gobiidae (6 species), Clupeidae (4 species), and Gasterosteidae (1 species) were the most commonly found fish families in ballast tanks (Phase 1). The Gobiidae (13 species), Blenniidae (6 species) and Pleuronectidae (2 species) dominated the list of ballast-mediated introductions (Phase 2); gobies and blennies were the families most frequently established (Phase 3). The invasive success of gobies and blennies may be explained in part by their crevicolous nature: both groups seek refuge and lay eggs in small holes, and may take advantage of the ballast-intake holes on ship hulls. This behavior, not typically associated with invasive ability, may contribute to successful introduction and establishment by facilitating the dispersal phase of invasion. The failure of the pleuronectids to invade may reflect poor salinity match between donor and recipient regions. To develop a predictive framework of invasion success, organisms must be sampled at all three phases of the invasion process. Our comparison of two ballast sampling methods suggests that fishes have been undersampled in ballast-water studies, including our own, and that the role of ballast transport in promoting fish invasions has been underestimated.
TL;DR: In this article, an investigative world-widesurvey of the state and status of physical education in schools funded by the International Olympic Committee was carried out in 1998-9.
Abstract: Against a background of perceived threats to physical education, an investigative world-widesurvey of the state and status of physical education in schools funded by the International Olympic Committee was carried out in 1998–9. The survey findings, based on data collated from a globally administered semi-structured questionnaire and an extensive literature survey, reveal that school physical education is in a perilous position in all continental regions of the world. Specifically, the article addresses issues of legal status and actual implementation, restricted or decreasing curriculum time allocation, subject status and attitudes of headteachers, other teachers and parents, inadequacies in financial, material and human resources and teacher preparation, curriculum trends, as well as scepticism about the subject’s future. Concluding comments allude to the main sources of concern and international efforts to sustain physical education in schools in the next millennium.
01 Mar 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature survey discusses the state-of-the-art in research on why out-ofround railway wheels are developed and on the damage they cause to track and vehicle components.
Abstract: This literature survey discusses the state-of-the-art in research on why out-of-round railway wheels are developed and on the damage they cause to track and vehicle components. Although the term out-of-round wheels can be attributed to a large spectrum of different wheel defects, the focus here is on out-of-round wheels with long wavelengths, such as the so-called polygonalization with 1-5 harmonics (wavelengths) around the wheel circumference. Topics dealt with in the survey include experimental detection of wheel/rail impact loads, mathematical models to predict the development and consequences of out-of-round wheels, criteria for removal of out-of-round wheels and suggestions on how to reduce the development of out-of-round wheels.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the CEOT originates from the complex system of dental laminae or remnants thereof, and mutilating procedures, such as wide resection or hemisection of the mandible, seem unwarranted.
TL;DR: In this article, the vertical depth of the influence of surface heterogeneity, relative to such vertical structure, is examined in terms of blending height theory, convective boundary layer scaling and internal boundary layer theory.
Abstract: The concepts of vertical structure of the boundary layer over homogeneous surfaces are discussed, including the roughness sublayer, surface layer (inertial layer) and outer layer. As an interpretive literature survey, the vertical depth of the influence of surface heterogeneity, relative to such vertical structure, is examined in terms of blending height theory, convective boundary-layer scaling and internal boundary-layer theory. These concepts are examined with data over different surface types. The rich variety of types of surface heterogeneity and background flow preclude description of their influence on the boundary layer by one single approach. Nonetheless, new scaling arguments offer promise for convective conditions. Internal boundary layers are found to form only in certain situations and even then may exhibit more diffuse vertical structure compared to the textbook internal boundary layer. New scaling arguments are developed to describe the potential for internal boundary-layer development in flow of warm air over a cooler surface. These arguments explain some aspects of the observations but remain incomplete.
TL;DR: A comprehensive literature survey for the first time provides stage-level resolution of Early Cretaceous through Pleistocene species diversity for nongeniculate coralline algae as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Data from a comprehensive literature survey for the first time provide stage-level resolution of Early Cretaceous through Pleistocene species diversity for nongeniculate coralline algae. Distributions of a total of 655 species in 23 genera were compiled from 222 publications. These represent three family-subfamily groupings each with distinctive present-day distributions: (1) Sporolithaceae, low latitude, mainly deep water; (2) Melobesioid corallinaceans, high latitude, shallow water, to low latitude, deep water; (3) Lithophylloid/mastophoroid corallinaceans, mid- to low latitude, shallow water. Raw data show overall Early Cretaceous–early Miocene increase to 245 species in the Aquitanian, followed by collapse to only 43 species in the late Pliocene. Rarefaction analysis confirms the pattern of increase but suggests that scarcity of publications exaggerates Neogene decline, which was actually relatively slight. Throughout the history of coralline species, species richness broadly correlates with ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and mathematically evaluate suitable methods to transfer information between nonlinear computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structural dynamics (CSD) grids, where the data to be transferred can include a variety of field variables, such as deflections, loads, pressure, and temperature.
Abstract: The objective was to identify and mathematically evaluate suitable methods to transfer information between nonlinear computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structural dynamics (CSD) grids. This data transfer is vital in the field of computational aeroelasticity, where the interpolation method between the two grids can easily be the limiting factor in the accuracy of an aeroelastic simulation. The data to be transferred can include a variety of field variables, such as deflections, loads, pressure, and temperature. For a method to be suitable, it is important that it provide a smooth, yet accurate transfer of data for a wide variety of functional forms that the data may represent. An extensive literature survey was completed that identified current algorithms in use, as well as other candidate algorithms from different implementations, such as mapping and CAD/CAM. The performance of the various methods was assessed on a number of analytical functions, followed by a series of applications that have been or are currently being studied using nonlinear CFD methods coupled with linear representations of the CSD equations (equivalent plate/shell mode shapes and influence coefficient matrices). Two methods, multiquadric-biharmonic and thin-plate spline, are shown to be the most robust, cost-effective, and accurate of all of the methods tested.
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic relationship between bulk density, water content and sediment composition is presented for a variety of geographic environments, showing that high correlations between these parameters are observed, all regions showing characteristic trends reflecting local environmental conditions.
01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect of increasing the monetary rewards on ultimatum bargaining and found that monetary rewards had no effect on the results of ultimata bargaining.
Abstract: In an ultimatum game, player 1 makes an offer of $X from a total of $M to player 2. If player 2 accepts the offer, then player 1 is paid $(M-X) and player 2 receives $X; if player 2 rejects the offer, each gets zero. In the ultimatum game experiments reported in the literature,M is typically not more than $10 (see Forsythe, Horowitz, Savin and Sefton, 1994, hereafter FHSS; Hoffman, McCabe, Shachat and Smith, 1994, hereafter HMSS, and the literature cited therein). We report new results for 50 bargaining pairs in whichM=$100, and compare them with previous outcomes from 48 pairs withM=$10. The need for an examination of the effect of increased stakes on ultimatum bargaining is suggested by a literature survey of the effect of varying the stakes in a wide variety of decision making and market experiments over the last 33 years (Smith and Walker, 1993b). Many cases were found in which the predictions of theory were improved when the monetary rewards were increased. There were also cases in which the level of monetary rewards had no effect on the results. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the stakes question on a case by case basis. The previously reported effect of instructional changes, which define different institutional contexts, on ultimatum game outcomes, and the effect of stakes reported here, suggest a game formulation that explains changes in the behavior of both players as a result of changes in the instructional treatments. We formulate such a model and indicate how it might be further tested.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the major determinants of an effective website and found that the major categories of determinants are: page loading speed, business content, navigation efficiency, security, and marketing/customer focus.
Abstract: The success of electronic commerce for any individual company, especially if it is not a well-known name, is greatly dependent on the appropriate design of its Website. This study investigates the major determinants of an effective Website. A literature survey indicated that the major categories of determinants are: page loading speed, business content, navigation efficiency, security, and marketing/customer focus. The relative importance of each category was determined by counting the number of citations in the literature, and by conducting a survey for soliciting the opinions of customers and potential customers of e-commerce. The research reported is exploratory, aiming to identify the most important issues as perceived by different groups of users. The major findings indicated the expert and consumer differ significantly in what they consider to be the most important factors.
TL;DR: The authors survey, organize, and evaluate extant research on service learning to provide guidance to both educators and researchers, and synthesize the results to offer guidance for educators interested in using service learning and make suggestions for how accounting researchers could contribute to the literature regarding student outcomes of service learning.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to survey, organize, and evaluate extant research on service‐learning to provide guidance to both educators and researchers. Because little has been written about service‐learning in academic accounting, the research cited comes primarily from other disciplines. Our literature survey is divided into two sections: (1) student outcomes related to intellectual skills, and (2) student personal outcomes. After surveying the literature, we synthesize the results to offer guidance for educators interested in using service‐learning and make suggestions for how accounting researchers could contribute to the literature regarding the student outcomes of service‐learning. In addition, to illustrate our recommendations for educators, we provide examples of desired outcomes and assessment criteria for several accounting service‐learning projects.
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TL;DR: A survey of the resource economics literature on irrigation services and pricing will be useful for developing comprehensive guidelines for water policy practitioners as discussed by the authors, where the authors synthesize accumulated knowledge about the implementation and performance of various water pricing methods used over the past two decades: volumetric pricing, output and input pricing, per area pricing, tiered pricing, two-part tariffs, and water markets.
Abstract: Getting prices right and allocating water efficiently will become increasingly important as demand for food and water increases and as water scarcity becomes more of a problem. Pricing water efficiently will help meet the increasing demand, but what is the best way to make pricing more efficient? As water scarcity and population pressures increase, more countries are adopting water pricing mechanisms as their primary means of regulating the consumption of irrigation water. The way to allocate water efficiently is to get the prices right, but how to accomplish this is open to debate. Water pricing methods are sensitive to the social, physical, institutional, and political setting. To assess the costs and benefits of a particular irrigation project, the pricing method must be tailored to local circumstances. Johansson's survey of the resource economics literature on irrigation services and pricing will be useful for developing comprehensive guidelines for water policy practitioners. He synthesizes accumulated knowledge about the implementation and performance of various water pricing methods used over the past two decades: volumetric pricing (marginal cost pricing), output and input pricing, per area pricing, tiered pricing, two-part tariffs, and water markets. Theoretical and practical issues will become increasingly important as demand for food and water increases. Pricing water efficiently will help meet that demand, but what is the best way to make pricing more efficient? Many argue that water markets offer a solution, but under what circumstances are water markets viable? What effect will decentralization have on farm production and the rest of the economy? What forces are moving toward decentralization or (re)centralization? The answers to these questions are complex and often site-specific. To help compare them, Johansson lists case studies, data sources, and relevant methodologies in the appendixes. This paper - a product of the Rural Development Department - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to improve the efficiency of water use. The study was funded by Rural Development, Development Research Group, and the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Guidelines for Pricing Irrigation Water Based on Efficiency, Implementation, and Equity Concerns.
TL;DR: It was found that the isotropic linear-elastic PDL leads to occlusal positions of both centres in comparison with those obtained through the well-known Burstone's theoretical formula, while histological anisotropic fibres locate them apically and eccentrically.
TL;DR: It is concluded that it is difficult to find habitat-specific probes for members of the CFB-phylum and that the design of probes for monophyletic groups should remain the standard approach.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The ratio of fPSA:tPSA has been shown to improve the specificity of prostate cancer diagnosis on the basis of tPSA measurements, and carcinomas in patients with PSA values <4 microg/liter can be detected, indicating an improved sensitivity.
Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most useful marker in the early detection of prostate cancer and for the monitoring of patients with this diagnosis. Molecular forms of PSA and also human kallikrein 2 have been used to discriminate between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer as well as for the detection of prostate cancer within the gray zone of PSA. In this respect, a literature survey on the diagnostic validity of free PSA (fPSA) related to total PSA (tPSA), PSA bound to alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT-PSA), and complexed PSA is given together with our results. The ratio of fPSA:tPSA has been shown to improve the specificity of prostate cancer diagnosis on the basis of tPSA measurements. Unnecessary biopsies can be reduced by about 19-64% in the total PSA range of 4-10 microg/liter while only missing 5-10% of cancers. Furthermore, carcinomas in patients with PSA values <4 microg/liter can be detected, indicating an improved sensitivity because of the percent fPSA at low PSA values. ACT-PSA or complexed PSA alone and the calculated derivatives are not superior in their discriminatory power compared with the percent fPSA. The diagnostic significance of the other molecular PSA forms and human kallikrein 2 needs to be evaluated in more extensive clinical trials.
TL;DR: In this article, Schmidt et al. presented an extended scaled equation to represent the surface tension of these substances: σ=kT c N A V c 2/3 (4.35+4.14ω)t 1.26 (1+0.19t 0.5 −0.25t) where t1−T/Tc is reduced temperature, k, NA, Vc, and ω are the Boltzmann constant, Avogadro number, the critical volume and the acentric factor.
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature survey and a questionnaire survey were carried out together to analyze the use of the three urban parks in Ankara for survey and evaluation purposes, and recommendations for future planning are suggested.