Showing papers on "Scattering published in 1978"
Book•
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: This IEEE Classic Reissue presents a unified introduction to the fundamental theories and applications of wave propagation and scattering in random media and is expressly designed for engineers and scientists who have an interest in optical, microwave, or acoustic wave propagate and scattering.
Abstract: A volume in the IEEE/OUP Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory Donald G. Dudley, Series Editor This IEEE Classic Reissue presents a unified introduction to the fundamental theories and applications of wave propagation and scattering in random media. Now for the first time, the two volumes of Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media previously published by Academic Press in 1978 are combined into one comprehensive volume. This book presents a clear picture of how waves interact with the atmosphere, terrain, ocean, turbulence, aerosols, rain, snow, biological tissues, composite material, and other media. The theories presented will enable you to solve a variety of problems relating to clutter, interference, imaging, object detection, and communication theory for various media. This book is expressly designed for engineers and scientists who have an interest in optical, microwave, or acoustic wave propagation and scattering. Topics covered include:
5,877 citations
Book•
29 Dec 1978TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theoretical analysis of nuclear scattering by magnetic scattering from magnetically ordered crystals, and show that the correlation functions in nuclear scattering can be computed by a simple linear combination of correlation functions.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Nuclear scattering - basic theory 3. Nuclear scattering by crystals 4. Correlation functions in nuclear scattering 5. Scattering by liquids 6. Neutron optics 7. Magnetic scattering - basic theory 8. Scattering from magnetically ordered crystals 9. Polarisation analysis Appendices Solutions to examples Index.
1,351 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of analytical methods in electromagnetic scattering theory (i.e., geometrical and physical optics, perturbation, iteration, and integral-equation) which are applicable to the problems of remote sensing of the ocean is presented.
Abstract: This paper reviews analytical methods in electromagnetic scattering theory (i.e., geometrical and physical optics, perturbation, iteration, and integral-equation) which are applicable to the problems of remote sensing of the ocean. In dealing with Earth's surface (in this case, the weakly non-linear ocean), it is not possible to have a complete and exact description of its spatial and temporal statistics. Only the first few moments are generally available; and in the linear approximation the statistics are assumed homogeneous, stationary and Gaussian. For this case, the high-frequency methods (geometrical and physical optics) and perturbation (Rayleigh-Rice), or a combination of them, provide tractable analytical results (i.e., the specular-point, the slightly-rough Bragg scattering and the composite-surface models). The applicability and limitations of these models are discussed. At grazing incidence and for higher frequencies, other scattering mechanisms become significant; and shadowing, diffraction and trapping must be considered. The more exact methods (integral-equation and Green's function) have not been as successful in yielding tractable analytical solutions, although they have the potential to provide improved theoretical scattering results in the future.
1,003 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a water cloud model for a vegetation canopy, where droplets are held in place by the vegetative matter, and derived an expression for the backscattering coefficient as a function of three target parameters: volumetric moisture content of the soil, volumeetric water content of vegetation, and plant height.
Abstract: Because the microwave dielectric constant of dry vegetative matter is much smaller (by an order of magnitude or more) than the dielectric constant of water, and because a vegetation canopy is usually composed of more than 99% air by volume, it is proposed that the canopy can be modeled as a water cloud whose droplets are held in place by the vegetative matter. Such a model was developed assuming that the canopy “cloud” contains identical water droplets randomly distributed within the canopy. By integrating the scattering and attenuation cross-section contributions of N droplets per unit volume over the signal pathlength through the canopy, an expression was derived for the backscattering coefficient as a function of three target parameters: volumetric moisture content of the soil, volumetric water content of the vegetation, and plant height. Regression analysis of the model predictions against scattering data acquired over a period of four months at several angles of incidence (0°–70°) and frequencies (8–18 GHz) for HH and VV polarizations yields correlation coefficients that range from .7 to .99 depending on frequency, polarization, and crop type. The corresponding standard errors of estimate range from 1.1 to 2.6 dB.
969 citations
01 Dec 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the high energy asymptotic form of the scattering amplitude of colorless particles in quantum chromodynamics is obtained in the leading logarithmic approximation, and it is argued that such a calculation is justified for the amplitudes of scattering in which charmed quarks participate.
Abstract: The high-energy asymptotic form of the scattering amplitude of colorless particles in quantum chromodynamics is obtained in the leading logarithmic approximation. It is argued that such a calculation is justified for the amplitudes of scattering in which charmed quarks participate. The cross section for formation of two pairs of charmed quarks in ..gamma gamma.. collisions is found in explicit form.
652 citations
615 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, parity violating asymmetries in the inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from deuterium and hydrogen were measured, and the asymmetry is (−9.5 × 10−5)Q2 with statistical and systematic uncertainties each about 10%.
455 citations
TL;DR: Application of the proposed algorithm to correct the radiance at a wavelength lambda requires only the ratio of the aerosol optical thickness at lambda to that at about 750 nm and the accuracy to which the correction can be made is in detail.
Abstract: In attempting to observe the color of the ocean from satellites, it is necessary to remove the effects of atmospheric and sea surface scattering from the upward radiance at high altitude in order to observe only those photons which were backscattered out of the ocean and hence contain information about subsurface conditions. The observations that (1) the upward radiance from the unwanted photons can be divided into those resulting from Rayleigh scattering alone and those resulting from aerosol scattering alone, (2) the aerosol scattering phase function should be nearly independent of wavelength, and (3) the Rayleigh component can be computed without a knowledge of the sea surface roughness are combined to yield an algorithm for removing a large portion of this unwanted radiance from satellite imagery of the ocean. It is assumed that the ocean is totally absorbing in a band of wavelengths around 750 nm and shown that application of the proposed algorithm to correct the radiance at a wavelength lambda requires only the ratio () of the aerosol optical thickness at lambda to that at about 750 nm. The accuracy to which the correction can be made as a function of the accuracy to which can be found is in detail. A possible method of finding from satellite measurements alone is suggested.
381 citations
TL;DR: The mean position of the deuterated segments within the membrane can be determined in most cases to a precision of better than ±1 Å, and the average orientation of the phosphocholine group in the gel state as well as the liquid crystalline state is almost parallel to the membrane surface.
Abstract: NEUTRON diffraction combined with the use of selectively deuterated lipids can provide detailed information on the molecular structure of membranes. Because of the large difference between the coherent scattering length of hydrogen ( −3.74 fermis) and deuterium (6.67 fermis) the deuterated membrane segments show up as intense peaks in the neutron density profile and can thus easily be located in the membrane1–3. We have applied this method to bilayer membranes of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), selectively deuterated at 12 different positions in the polar head group and the hydrocarbon chains. We report here that the mean position of the deuterated segments within the membrane can be determined in most cases to a precision of better than ±1 A. The average orientation of the phosphocholine group in the gel state as well as in the liquid crystalline state is almost parallel to the membrane surface. In the gel state the two hydrocarbon chains are out of step by about 1.8 A, and water penetrates up to the glycerol backbone of the lipid molecules.
356 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the Casimir free energy of the electromagnetic field in regions bounded by thin perfect conductors with arbitrary smooth shapes, expressed as a convergent multiple scattering expansion, in which the wave is damped between scatterings taking place on conductors.
TL;DR: It is shown how the radius of gyration of the fiber cross section can be obtained from the ratio of slope and intercept of a plot of 1/tau lambda3 vs. 1/lambra2, which corresponds to a ratio of fiber volume to volume of protein contained in the fiber of 5.0.
Abstract: In agreement with earlier observations that the angular dependence of light scattering by fibrin gels obeys the theory for light scattering by very long and thin rigid rodlike particles (intensity proportional to the square of half the scattering angle), we find that the turbidity, tau, of the less opaque gels varies as the inverse third power of the wavelength, lambda. Mass-length ratios of the fibers calculated from these two measurements closely agree. For fibrin gels containing fibers with a very high mass-length ratio (of which we had not been able to obtain interpretable scattering data), the turbidity is found not quite to vary as 1/lambda3. For these opaque gels, the fiber diameter is no longer negligible with respect to the wavelength. It is shown how the radius of gyration of the fiber cross section (and therefore the radius of cylindrical fibers) can be obtained from the ratio of slope and intercept of a plot of 1/tau lambda3 vs. 1/lambra2. The square of the radius of the fibers is found to be proportional to the mass-length ratio. The density of the fibers is calculated to be 0.28. This corresponds to a ratio of fiber volume to volume of protein contained in the fiber of 5.0.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that finite energy solutions of the field equations of the non-linear σ-model decay asymptotically into massless lumps.
TL;DR: In this article, the classical theory of scattering under the Coulomb potential of both charged and neutral particles is used to derive formulae for the energy deposition rate and mean scattering of a beam of charged particles interacting with a cold hydrogen target of arbitrary ionization level as a function of the column density traversed by the beam.
Abstract: The classical theory of scattering under the Coulomb potential of both charged and neutral particles is used to derive formulae for the energy deposition rate and mean scattering of a beam of charged particles interacting with a cold hydrogen target of arbitrary ionization level as a function of the column density traversed by the beam. These general results hold for any form of stable injection energy spectrum, and their relevance to the existing literature on chromospheric heating during solar flares is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical approach to the problem of scattering by composite random surfaces is presented, where the surface is assumed to be Gaussian so that the surface height can be split (in the mean-square sense) into large and small scale components relative to the electromagnetic wavelength, and a first-order perturbation approach developed by Burrows is used wherein the scattering solution for the large-scale structure is perturbed by the small-scale diffraction effects.
Abstract: An analytical approach to the problem of scattering by composite random surfaces is presented. The surface is assumed to be Gaussian so that the surface height can be split (in the mean-square sense) into large ( \zeta_{l} ) and small ( \zeta_{s} ) scale components relative to the electromagnetic wavelength. A first-order perturbation approach developed by Burrows is used wherein the scattering solution for the large-scale structure is perturbed by the small-scale diffraction effects. The scattering from the large-scale structure (the zeroth-order perturbation solution) is treated via geometrical optics since 4k_{0}^{2}\bar{\zeta_{l}^{2}} \gg 1 . The first-order perturbation result comprises a convolution in wavenumber space of the height spectrum, the shadowing function, a polarization dependent factor, the joint density function for the large-scale slopes, and a truncation function which restricts the convolution to the domain corresponding to the small-scale height spectrum. The only "free" parameter is the surface wavenumber separating the large and small height contributions. For a given surface height spectrum, this wavenumber can be determined by a combination of mathematical and physical arguments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the weak interactions of ultra heavy fermions, their scattering at high energies and the renormalization corrections they induce at low energies were studied, and the authors showed that these weak interactions can be used to study the weak interaction between ultra heavy Fermions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the interatomic distances and angles for the α-quartz forms of SiO2 and GeO2 using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction.
Abstract: Interatomic distances and angles have been measured at pressures to about 25 kbars for the α‐quartz forms of SiO2 and GeO2 using time‐of‐flight powder neutron diffraction. The data show that the compression of SiO2 results solely from a cooperative rotation or tilting of the SiO4 tetrahedra around their shared oxygen corners, with individual tetrahedra remaining relatively rigid. Conversely, the compression of GeO2 results almost solely from distortions of the individual tetrahedra resulting from changes in O‐Ge‐O angles with cooperative rotations contributing a negligible amount.
TL;DR: In this article, the resonance formalism of nuclear reaction theory is applied to the problem of sound scattering from submerged elastic bodies (illustrated here by circular cylinders and spheres), and it is demonstrated that the strongly fluctuating behavior of, e.g., the backscattering cross section is caused by a superposition of generally narrow resonances in the individual normal modes (partial waves), which move up in frequency from one partial wave to the next, corresponding to a series of creeping waves (Regge poles) and which are superimposed on a background of rigid-body (potential
Abstract: The resonance formalism of nuclear‐reaction theory is applied to the problem of sound scattering from submerged elastic bodies (illustrated here by circular cylinders and spheres). It is demonstrated that the strongly fluctuating behavior of, e.g., the backscattering cross section is caused by a superposition of generally narrow resonances in the individual normal modes (partial waves), which move up in frequency from one partial wave to the next, corresponding to a series of creeping waves (’’Regge poles’’), and which are superimposed on a background of rigid‐body (potential) scattering. This fact, together with a resonance representation of the elastic field in the interior, indicates that the elastic body is relatively impenetrable to the incident wave except in the vicinity of the resonances, which occur at the eigenfrequencies of the elastic vibrations of the body. Various types of interference between resonance and background are analyzed, and the phase of the partial wave is shown to undergo a jump of π at each resonance. Decay times (ringing) of the excited resonances are found to depend inversely on their width, and the appearance of nulls in the scattering angular distribution at certain resonances is related to the cross section of the rigid body.
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear cyclotron resonance wave-particle interaction in the magnetosphere with attention to the pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by coherent VLF whistler mode signals is made.
Abstract: A study is made of nonlinear cyclotron resonance wave-particle interaction in the magnetosphere with attention to the pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by coherent VLF whistler mode signals. A computer simulation of the full nonlinear equations of motions for energetic particles interacting with a longitudinal whistler mode wave in an inhomogeneous magnetosphere are used. The results are compared to those of a linear theory. Test electrons distributed in energy and pitch angle are used to simulate the full distribution of particles. The scattering of the test particles and their integration over energy and pitch angle yield the precipitated flux. The results suggest that coherent VLF waves significantly influence the dynamics and lifetimes of energetic electrons trapped in the magnetosphere and magnetic shells illuminated by the waves.
TL;DR: In this paper, the atmospheric heating rate due to O2 and O3 absorption of solar radiation is parameterized with an accuracy of ±5% in the altitude region 15-120 km.
Abstract: The atmospheric heating rate due to O2 and O3 absorption of solar radiation is parameterized with an accuracy of ±5% in the altitude region 15–120 km. For relevant wavelengths the effects of multiple scattering and ground reflection are also included. These parameterizations are computationally fast, efficient, and suitable for use in numerical models of atmospheric circulation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative HH Raman spectra obtained from high-purity bulk samples of the primary glass formers SiO2, GeO 2, B2O3, and P2O5 are reported.
Abstract: We report the relative HH Raman spectra obtained from high‐purity bulk samples of the primary glass formers SiO2, GeO2, B2O3, and P2O5. With 514.5‐nm excitation, the peak Raman cross sections of these glasses have relative strengths of 1, 9.2, 4.7, and 5.7, respectively. The superior scattering strength of the latter three glasses suggests that they be used for increasing the gain and tuning range of fiber Raman lasers. The Raman spectra of mixed glasses containing GeO2, P2O5, and Na2O (or K2O) indicate that lasers made of these or similar materials may be continuously tunable over a range of 1300 cm−1.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a new approach to photofragmentation which through its explicit time dependence avoids the difficulties normally associated with calculation of Franck-Condon processes, and the formulae are exact within the same assumptions as the usual time independent theory.
Abstract: We present a new approach to photofragmentation which through its explicit time dependence avoids the difficulties normally associated with calculation of Franck–Condon processes. No scattering eigenfunctions or Franck–Condon overlaps are required, yet the formulae are exact within the same assumptions as the usual time independent theory. Semiclassical implementation of the method is described in connection with a successful application to H+3, which involves, in our model, a multiple continuum breakup final state on one of two excited state surfaces treated. Full arrangement and energy partitioning information are given on both surfaces in a calculation whose main numerical effort involves running five classical trajectories.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured 1/f noise in samples with lattice and impurity scattering, and showed that lattice scattering gives 1/ε noise, while impurity scatter gives 1 ε noise.
TL;DR: A detailed exposition of the nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering formalism is presented, reviewing known results and adding some new ones as mentioned in this paper, which can be specialized to describe any chosen experiment by specifying the initial polarizations and final analyzing powers.
Abstract: A detailed exposition of the nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering formalism is presented, reviewing known results and adding some new ones. Several different representations of the scattering matrix are reviewed, paying attention to symmetry principles like parity conservation, time reversal invariance, the Pauli principle and iso-spin invariance. Experimental quantities in the centre-of-mass and laboratory systems are expressed in terms of scattering amplitudes. Relations between experimental quantities in each of these systems, following from the above mentioned symmetries, are spelt out in detail, as are relations between l.s. and c.m.s. quantities. A general formula for the angular distribution of correlated scattering is given and discussed. This formula involves all existing experimental quantities. It can be specialized to describe any chosen experiment by specifying the initial polarizations and final analyzing powers. Consequences of the Pauli principle for the scattering of identical nucleons are studied. Relations between c.m.s. quantities measured at the c.m.s. angles 03B8 and 03C0 - 03B8 or at l.s. angles 03B81 and 03B82 (scattering and recoil angle) are obtained. Special attention is paid to relations at 03B8 = 03C0/2, i.e. 03B81 = 03B82. The material contained in this paper should be useful for experimentalists and for phenomenologists interested in the reconstruction of scattering amplitudes
Abstract: The atomic-scale structure of amorphous solids can be determined from the X-ray, electron, or neutron scattering pattern. The atomic distribution function ϱ ( r ) or the pair correlation function g ( r ) = ϱ ( r )/ ϱ 0 , were ϱ 0 is the average atomiic density, is related to the interference function or structure factor I ( K ) by a Fourier transformation. Unfortunately, I ( K ) is not directly accessible from the scattering experiment, but can be deduced from the scattering pattern after suitable corrections for polarization, absorption, inelastic scattering, multiple scattering, and static approximation, and after normalization to absolute units. In multicomponent systems, the coherent scattering function per atom I a ( K ) is a weighted sum of the partial interference functions I ij ( K ), which represent the Fourier transforms of ϱij ( r ), the number of j -type atoms per unit volume at a distance r from an i -type atom. It is also possible to express I a ( K ) as a weighted sum of number-concentration structure factors I NC ( K ), which are associated with the number-number (density), number-concentration, and concentration-concentration correlations. The long-wavelength limit of the functions I NC ( CK ) can be expressed in terms of the various thermodynamic quantities and their variation with composition. In binary allos, three partial functions are required to describe the atomic arrangements. These functions can be obtained by varying the atomic scattering factors f i through choic of three different radiations (X-rays, electrons, and neutrons), or isotopes in neutron scattering, or anomalous dispersion in X-ray scattering. The latest developments in the experimental techniques for the determination of the interference function I ( K ) are presented, and examples of the scattering patterns of metallic glasses are given, which were obtained by the conventional, variable 2θ technique, and by the variable λ technique. Attempts are discussed to deduce the partial interference functions in binary systems from several scattering experiments, and to determine concentration fluctuations in binary alloys.
TL;DR: The scattering operator for a Schrodinger equation in three dimensions with a cubic self-interaction term was defined in this paper, where the scattering operator is well defined for a three-dimensional version.
TL;DR: In this article, the surface segregation of Cu-Ni and Cu-Pt alloys is studied under equilibrium conditions and the influences of parameters such as relaxation, crystal face, atomic size and double-layer formation are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the information-theoretic maximal entropy procedure for the analysis of collision processes is derived as a consequence of the dynamics, be they quantal or classical, and the method centers attention on the minimal number of operators (the "dynamic constraints") whose expectation values are both necessary and sufficient to completely characterize the collision dynamics.
Abstract: The information-theoretic maximal-entropy procedure for the analysis of collision processes is derived as a consequence of the dynamics, be they quantal or classical. The method centers attention on the minimal number of operators (the "dynamic constraints") whose expectation values are both necessary and sufficient to completely characterize the collision dynamics. For a given Hamiltonian and initial state, the constraints required to obtain an exact solution of the equations of motion are determined by a purely algebraic procedure. It is furthermore found possible to derive equations of motion for the conjugate Lagrange parameters. Immediate applications are noted, e.g., a family of similar reactions is shown to have a common set of dynamic constraints and simple illustrative applications are provided. The determination of the scattering matrix is discussed, with examples. The general formalism consists in solving the scattering problem in two stages. The first is purely algebraic. At the end of this stage one obtains the functional form of, say, the scattering matrix or of the density matrix after the collision expressed in terms of parameters whose number equals the number of dynamic constraints. The end result of this algebraic stage suffices to analyze the scattering pattern for any initial state. The second stage is the predictive procedure. Explicit coupled first-order nonlinear differential equations are obtained for the parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new technique was constructed for treatment of one-dimensional and quasione-dimensional metal systems with random impurities, which was applied for calculation of conductivity in several systems.
Abstract: A new technique is constructed for treatment of one-dimensional and quasione-dimensional metal systems with random impurities. The technique is applied for calculation of conductivity in several systems (see contents). The influence of impurity scattering on electron pairing is discussed (§ 3).
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of double-resonance spectroscopy methods and their application in a three-level system with two detectors and one detector. But they do not discuss the effects of double resonance on the performance of the system.
Abstract: 1 Double-Resonance Spectroscopy.- 1.1. Introduction to Double-Resonance Methods.- 1.1.1. Introduction.- 1.1.2. Dynamics of the Interaction of Radiation and Matter.- 1.1.3. Summary of Molecular Spectroscopy.- 1.1.3.1. Rotational Energy Levels.- 1.1.3.2. Vibrational Energy Levels.- 1.1.3.3. Electronic Energy Levels.- 1.1.4. Definition of Double-Resonance Spectroscopy.- 1.1.5. Historical Survey.- 1.2. Response of a System to Pumping and Analyzing Radiation Fields.- 1.2.1. Saturation of Molecular Absorption Lines.- 1.2.2. Double Resonance in a Three-Level System.- 1.2.3. Rate-Equation Analysis of Double Resonance.- 1.3. Experimental Considerations.- 1.3.1. Radiation Sources.- 1.3.1.1. Klystrons.- 1.3.1.2. Fixed-Frequency Lasers.- 1.3.1.3. Tunable Lasers.- 1.3.2. Signal Detection and Enhancement.- 1.3.2.1. Detectors.- 1.3.2.2. Lock-In Amplifier.- 1.3.2.3. Boxcar Averager.- 1.3.2.4. Transient Recorder.- 1.3.3. Detection by Fluorescence versus Absorption Techniques.- 1.3.4. Experimental Configurations.- 1.4. Microwave-Detected Double Resonance.- 1.4.1. Microwave Pumping.- 1.4.1.1. Carbon Oxysulfide.- 1.4.1.2. Ammonia.- 1.4.1.3. Formaldehyde.- 1.4.1.4. Ethylene Oxide.- 1.4.1.5. Hydrogen Cyanide.- 1.4.1.6. Other Systems.- 1.4.2. Infrared Pumping.- 1.4.2.1. Methyl Halides.- 1.4.2.2. Ammonia.- 1.4.3. Optical Pumping.- 1.5 Infrared-Detected Double Resonance.- 1.5.1. Microwave Pumping.- 1.5.2. Infrared Pumping.- 1.5.2.1. Vibrational Energy Transfer.- 1.5.2.2. Rotational Energy Transfer.- 1.5.2.3. Dephasing, Momentum Transfer, and Molecular Alignment.- 1.5.3. Optical Pumping.- 1.6. Optically Detected Double Resonance.- 1.6.1. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance.- 1.6.1.1. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in Atoms.- 1.6.1.2. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in CN.- 1.6.1.3. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in OH and OD.- 1.6.1.4. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in CS.- 1.6.1.5. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in BaO.- 1.6.1.6. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in NO2.- 1.6.1.7. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in NH2.- 1.6.1.8. Microwave-Optical Double Resonance in BO2.- 1.6.2. Infrared-Optical Double Resonance.- 1.6.2.1. Infrared-Optical Double Resonance in NH3.- 1.6.2.2. Infrared-Optical Double Resonance in OsO4.- 1.6.2.3. Infrared-Optical Double Resonance in Biacetyl.- 1.6.2.4. Infrared-Optical Double Resonance in F8+.- 1.6.2.5. Infrared-Optical Double Resonance in Coumarin-6.- 1.6.3. Optical-Optical Double Resonance.- 1.6.3.1. Optical-Optical Double Resonance in Atoms.- 1.6.3.2. Optical-Optical Double Resonance in Diatomic Molecules.- 1.6.3.3. Optical-Optical Double Resonance in Polyatomic Molecules.- 1.6.4. Optically Detected Double Resonance in Large Molecules.- 1.7. Molecular Information from Double-Resonance Experiments.- 1.7.1. Spectroscopic Information.- 1.7.2. Energy Transfer and Interaction Potentials.- 1.7.3. Future Directions.- References.- 2 Coherent Transient Microwave Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Methods.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Basic Theory and Experiment.- 2.3. Transient Absorption.- 2.4. Transient Emission.- 2.5. Fast Passage.- 2.6. Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy.- 2.7. Molecular Interpretation of T1 and T2.- 2.8. Conclusion.- Appendix A. Solution of the Bloch Equations.- Appendix B. Two-State Relaxation Processes.- References.- 3 Coherent Transient Infrared Spectroscopy.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Density and Population Matrices.- 3.2.1. Basic Theory.- 3.2.2. Physical Interpretation and Applicability.- 3.3. Absorption and Emission of Radiation.- 3.3.1. Polarization and Reduced Wave Equations.- 3.3.2. Steady-State Absorption: An Example.- 3.4. Solutions of the Population Matrix Equations.- 3.4.1. Introduction.- 3.4.2. Optical Bloch Equations.- 3.4.3. Matrix Solution of the Optical Bloch Equations.- 3.5. Experimental Techniques.- 3.5.1. Pulsed Laser Experiments.- 3.5.2. Stark Switching.- 3.5.3. Frequency Switching.- 3.6. Optical Nutation.- 3.7. Optical Free Induction Decay.- 3.7.1. Theory and Experiment.- 3.7.2. Superradiance.- 3.8. Photon Echo.- 3.8.1. Two-Pulse Echoes.- 3.8.2. Multiple-Pulse Echoes.- 3.9. Measurement of Level Decay Rates.- 3.9.1. Adiabatic Rapid Passage.- 3.9.2. Delayed Optical Nutation.- 3.10. Velocity-Changing Collisions.- 3.10.1. Introduction.- 3.10.2. Brownian Motion and Velocity-Changing Collisions.- 3.10.3. Photon Echoes and Velocity-Changing Collision Measurements.- Appendix A. Justification of the Reduced Wave Equation.- Appendix B. Matrix Formulation of the Bloch Equations.- References.- 4 Coherent Spectroscopy in Electronically Excited States.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.1.1. Historical Development.- 4.1.2. Recent Advances.- 4.2. Theoretical Considerations.- 4.2.1. General Aspects of Coherence in Excited States.- 4.2.2. Equation of Motion for the Model System.- 4.2.2.1. Basic Torque Equation in the Rotating Frame.- 4.2.2.2. Addition of Feeding and Decay Terms.- 4.2.2.3. Exact Solutions, Including Feeding and Decay.- 4.2.2.4. Addition of Relaxation Terms.- 4.2.2.5. Exact Solutions, Including Feeding, Decay, and Relaxation.- 4.2.2.6. Discussion.- 4.2.2.7. Inhomogeneous Relaxation and Expected Line Shapes.- 4.2.3. Relationship Between the Geometrical Model and Double-Resonance Observables.- 4.2.3.1. Density Matrix and Dipole Emission.- 4.2.3.2. Probe Pulse Method.- 4.2.4. Experiments Utilizing Optically Detected Coherence.- 4.2.4.1. Introduction.- 4.2.4.2. Transient Nutation.- 4.2.4.3. Free Induction Decay and Spin Echo.- 4.2.4.4. Echo Trains and Coherent Averaging.- 4.2.4.5. Spin Locking and Coherent Averaging.- 4.2.4.6. Rotary Echoes and Driving-Field Inhomogeneities.- 4.2.4.7. Adiabatic Demagnetization and Rapid Passage.- 4.3. Experimental Methods.- 4.3.1. Excited Triplet States and Phosphorescence Spectroscopy.- 4.3.2. Conventional Techniques: Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance.- 4.3.3. Pulse Techniques in Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance.- 4.3.3.1. Transient Nutation and Pulse Timing.- 4.3.3.2. Short Coherence Sequences.- 4.3.3.3. Long Coherence Sequences.- 4.3.3.4. Triplet-State Multiplets and Orientation Factors.- 4.4. Applications.- 4.4.1. Preliminaries.- 4.4.2. Addition of Energy Exchange to the Equations of Motion.- 4.4.2.1. Loss of Spin Memory in the Slow Exchange Limit.- 4.4.2.2. Retention of Spin Memory in Scattering in the Fast Exchange Limit.- 4.4.3. Energy Transfer Studies Using Coherent Spectroscopy Techniques.- 4.4.4. Vibrational Relaxation Studies Using Coherence Techniques.- 4.4.5. Energy Transfer Studies Using an Ordered State.- References.- 5 Resonant Scattering of Light by Molecules: Time-Dependent and Coherent Effects.- 5.1. Elementary Time-Dependent Theory Related to Luminescence.- 5.1.1. Introduction.- 5.1.2. Scattering Theory.- 5.1.3. Approximate Model for the Photon States.- 5.1.4. Molecular States.- 5.1.5. Matrix Elements of G(?).- 5.1.6. Excitation of an Isolated Resonant State: A Two-Level System.- 5.1.7. Semiclassical Analogy.- 5.2. Applications of Scattering Theory to Model Systems.- 5.2.1. Three-Level System.- 5.2.2. Scattering of an Exponentially Decaying Pulse.- 5.2.3. Semiclassical Treatment of the Three-Level System.- 5.2.4. Resonance and Near-Resonance Raman Scattering.- 5.3. Nature of the Electromagnetic Field.- 5.3.1. Definition of the Field Variables.- 5.3.2. Radiation-Matter Interaction.- 5.3.3. States of the Radiation Field.- 5.3.4. Measurables of the Field and Photon Experiments.- 5.4. Theory of Light Scattering with Well-Defined Light Sources.- 5.4.1. More General Approach to Light Scattering.- 5.4.2. Spectral Content of a Scattered Coherent Pulse.- 5.4.3. Scattering from a Gaussian Pulse.- 5.4.4. Scattering from a Weak Stationary Light Beam.- 5.5. Effects of Intermolecular Interactions on Luminescence.- 5.5.1. Resonance Scattering (Raman Fluorescence) in the Presence of Fluctuations.- 5.5.2. Random Modulation in Resonance Raman Scattering.- 5.5.3. Classical Character of Fluorescence.- 5.5.4. Absorption and Scattering.- 5.5.5. Spectroscopic Selection Rules for Resonance Raman, Fluorescence, and Phosphorescence.- 5.6. Two-Photon Induced Light Scattering.- 5.6.1. Two-Photon Processes.- 5.6.2. Scattering Induced by Two-Photon Excitation: Hyper Raman Scattering.- 5.7. Recent Resonance Fluorescence Concepts and Experiments.- Appendix. Contour Integration.- References.- Author Index.