Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 2017"
24 Feb 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on how individuals' social identities and the environment interact to influence their experiences in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) contexts and, in turn, their decisions to enter and stay in STEM.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on how individuals’ social identities and the environment interact to influence their experiences in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) contexts and, in turn, their decisions to enter and stay in STEM. It introduces new questions that arise from applying a person-by-situation, social-contextual approach to the problem of women’s underrepresentation in STEM. The chapter argues that how one’s social identity is perceived and valued in STEM classrooms and careers plays a powerful role in whether women seek and remain in the environments. Social identity concerns have a deleterious impact on important psychological and behavioural outcomes, which have been especially well documented for women in STEM. Social identity threat research clearly demonstrates that situational cues have a significant impact on the appraisals of educational environments and people’s experiences within them. However, some settings may not be perceived as identity-threatening because they offer few situational cues that point to the devaluation of important social identities.
158 citations
TL;DR: It is addressed how individual differences in primary emotional systems can illuminate linkages to major human psychopathologies and the potential advantages and disadvantages of carrying a certain personality trait within certain cultural/environmental niches.
Abstract: The present article highlights important concepts of personality including stability issues from the perspective of situational demands and stability over the life-course. Following this more introductory section, we argue why individual differences in primary emotional systems may represent the phylogenetically oldest parts of human personality. Our argumentation leads to the need to increasingly consider individual differences in the raw affects/emotions of people to understand human personality in a bottom-up fashion, which can be coordinated with top-down perspectives. In support of this idea, we also review existing evidence linking individual differences in primal emotions as assessed with the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) and the widely accepted Big Five Model of Personality. In this context, we provide additional evidence on the link between primal emotions and personality in German and Chinese sample populations. In short, this article addresses evolutionary perspectives in the evaluation of human personality, highlighting some of the ancestral emotional urges that probably still control variations in the construction of human personality structures. Moreover, we address how individual differences in primary emotional systems can illuminate linkages to major human psychopathologies and the potential advantages and disadvantages of carrying a certain personality trait within certain cultural/environmental niches.
132 citations
TL;DR: A wide-ranging review of recent research on leader individual differences can be found in this paper, focusing on the explosion of such research in the last decade and focusing specifically on the exponential growth of leader attributes.
Abstract: In this article, we provide a wide-ranging review of recent research on leader individual differences. The review focuses specifically on the explosion of such research in the last decade. The first purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate various conceptual frameworks describing how leader attributes influence leader emergence and leader effectiveness. The second purpose is to provide a comprehensive review of empirical research on this relationship. Also, most prior reviews primarily examined leader personality traits; this review includes a broader array of leader attributes, including cognitive capacities, personality, motives and values, social skills, and knowledge and expertise. The final broad purpose of this paper is to review and integrate situational and contextual parameters into our conceptual framing of leader individual differences. Few, if any, prior reviews have systematically accounted for the critical role of such parameters in cuing, activating, or delimiting the effects of particular leader attributes. We do so in this article.
120 citations
19 Oct 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide the fundamentals for a cross-level Situational Action Theory of crime causation and discuss how individual and proximate environmental factors can be integrated to explain what moves people to commit acts of crime.
Abstract: This chapter provides the fundamentals for a cross-level Situational Action Theory of crime causation. It discusses how individual and proximate environmental factors can be integrated to explain what moves people to commit acts of crime. The chapter argues that integration of proximate levels of explanation is basically about studying how the interaction between individual characteristics and settings, influence individuals’ perceptions of alternatives and choices, which in turn, determine their course of action. Action, the expression of agency, may be defined as behavior performed under the person’s guidance. A theory of action specifies what moves people to act. Hence, a theory of action specifically dealing with crime should specify what moves people to break the rules of law. The main argument here is that a person’s morals have an impact on his or her course of action primarily through influencing what alternatives for action a person is likely to see and consider in a particular setting.
119 citations
TL;DR: Robust support is found for the hypothesis that under a situational threat of economic uncertainty people escalate their support for dominant leaders, and it is found that this phenomenon is mediated by participants’ psychological sense of a lack of personal control.
Abstract: Across the globe we witness the rise of populist authoritarian leaders who are overbearing in their narrative, aggressive in behavior, and often exhibit questionable moral character. Drawing on evolutionary theory of leadership emergence, in which dominance and prestige are seen as dual routes to leadership, we provide a situational and psychological account for when and why dominant leaders are preferred over other respected and admired candidates. We test our hypothesis using three studies, encompassing more than 140,000 participants, across 69 countries and spanning the past two decades. We find robust support for our hypothesis that under a situational threat of economic uncertainty (as exemplified by the poverty rate, the housing vacancy rate, and the unemployment rate) people escalate their support for dominant leaders. Further, we find that this phenomenon is mediated by participants’ psychological sense of a lack of personal control. Together, these results provide large-scale, globally representative evidence for the structural and psychological antecedents that increase the preference for dominant leaders over their prestigious counterparts.
107 citations
TL;DR: The use of appropriate language is a sensitive matter, because the meaning of words may be relative, situational, and language dependent as mentioned in this paper, and words inherently carry meaning that inevitabl...
Abstract: The use of appropriate language is a sensitive matter, because the meaning of words may be relative, situational, and language dependent. What is more, words inherently carry meaning that inevitabl...
97 citations
27 Mar 2017
TL;DR: Situational crime prevention has its origins in research undertaken by the Home Office Research Unit in the 1970s as mentioned in this paper, and the primary evidence that situational/opportunity variables play a large part in its causation comes from a comparison of homicide rates between England and Wales and the United States.
Abstract: This chapter reviews the most frequent criticisms and argues that they are overstated and generally misconceived. It deals with theoretical criticisms of the approach and the second with related criticisms of its effectiveness and more briefly with ethical criticisms and supposed social harms. The chapter outlines the criticism without attributing it to particular individuals because in every case it is common and widely expressed. Situational crime prevention has its origins in research undertaken by the Home Office Research Unit in the 1970s. The primary evidence that situational/opportunity variables play a large part in its causation comes from a comparison of homicide rates between England and Wales and the United States. The most persistent of the criticisms concerns displacement. The developments in theory underlying situational prevention have further undermined claims about the inevitability of displacement and the risks of escalation. The concept of criminal adaptation further complicates any consideration of the outcomes of situational prevention.
93 citations
TL;DR: First-order languaging is an experiential flow that is enacted, maintained, and changed by the real-time activity of participants as mentioned in this paper, which is a radical misconstrual of what people are doing in their languaging.
90 citations
TL;DR: The paper contributes to theory by adopting a holistic approach that allows a definition of experience from the user's perspective, thus challenging current perspectives on the online shopping experience, and particularly on the emotion, risk perception and situational variables.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors utilize a social-cognitive framework to explain why gender differences in ethics emerge and when women engage in less unethical negotiating behavior than do men, and explore financial incentives as a situational moderator.
72 citations
TL;DR: This article conducted a survey experiment to study the origins of belief in conspiracy theories and found that conspiratorial perceptions can emerge from both situational triggers and subtle contextual variables, such as information about the putative conspirator and the number and identifiability of the victim.
Abstract: What are the origins of belief in conspiracy theories? The dominant approach to studying conspiracy theories links belief to social stresses or personality type, and does not take into account the situational and fluctuating nature of attitudes. In this study, a survey experiment, subjects are presented with a mock news article designed to induce conspiracy belief. Subjects are randomly assigned three manipulations hypothesized to heighten conspiracy perceptions: a prime to induce anxiety; information about the putative conspirator; and the number and identifiability of the victim(s). The results indicate that conspiratorial perceptions can emerge from both situational triggers and subtle contextual variables. Conspiracy beliefs emerge as ordinary people make judgments about the social and political world.
TL;DR: The authors used the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS) to investigate communication behaviors of publics formed around an intensively publicized policy issue and found that party identity serves as a better identifier of the hot-issue public's subgroups than trust in the government.
Abstract: This study used the situational theory of problem solving (STOPS) to investigate communication behaviors of publics formed around an intensively publicized policy issue. Results of surveying 748 participants online support the utility of STOPS to segment the hot-issue public with active communication from the general population in a Chinese context. However, problem recognition does not significantly correlate with situational motivation. Between the examined cross-situational variables, party identity serves as a better identifier of the hot-issue public’s subgroups than trust in the government. Theoretical implications for hot-issue publics and STOPS and practical implications for effective communication to the hot issue are discussed.
01 Apr 2017
TL;DR: This work illustrates the CAPS modeling languages used to describe the software architecture, hardware configuration, and physical space views for a situational aware CPS.
Abstract: This paper proposes CAPS, an architecture-drivenmodeling framework for the development of Situational AwareCyber-Physical Systems Situational Awareness involves being aware of what ishappening in the surroundings, and using this informationto decide and act It has been recognized as a critical, yet often elusive, foundation for successful decision-makingin complex systems With the advent of cyber-physical systems(CPS), situational awareness is playing an increasinglyimportant role especially in crowd and fleets management, infrastructure monitoring, and smart city applications Whilespecializing cyber physical systems, Situational Aware CPSrequires the continuous monitoring of environmental conditionsand events with respect to time and space New architecturalconcerns arise, especially related to the sense, compute &communication paradigm, the use of domain-specific hardwarecomponents, and the cyber-physical space dimension This work illustrates the CAPS modeling languages usedto describe the software architecture, hardware configuration, and physical space views for a situational aware CPS
TL;DR: Findings are organized into the proposed Situational-Cognitive Model of Adolescent Bystander Behavior, which synthesizes the SMB and TPB, and supports the tailoring of bystander interventions.
Abstract: Objective Despite the proliferation of bystander approaches to prevent aggression among youth, theoretical models of violence-related bystander decision making are underdeveloped, particularly among adolescents. The purpose of this research was to examine the utility of 2 theories, the Situational Model of Bystander behavior (SMB) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), for identifying mechanisms underlying adolescent bystander behavior in the context of bullying and teen dating violence (TDV). Method Data were collected via face to face (local) and online (national) focus groups with 113 U.S. adolescents aged 14-18 and were subsequently analyzed using deductive and inductive coding methods. Results Youth endorsed beliefs consistent with both the SMB and TPB and with additional constructs not captured by either theory. Adolescents reported a higher proportion of barriers relative to facilitators to taking action, with perceptions of peer norms and social consequences foremost among their concerns. Many influences on bystander behavior were similar across TDV and bullying. Implications Findings are organized into the proposed Situational-Cognitive Model of Adolescent Bystander Behavior, which synthesizes the SMB and TPB, and supports the tailoring of bystander interventions. For teens, intervening is a decision about whether and how to navigate potential social consequences of taking action that unfold over time; intervention approaches must assess and acknowledge these concerns.
TL;DR: The interactive situational e-learning system developed by this project was helpful in developing the students' competence in ethical reasoning, and the situational teaching materials used in this study may be applicable in nursing and related professional ethics courses.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate whether employees viewing discretionary safety activities as part of their job role (termed safety citizenship role definitions, SCRDs) plays an important part in predicting two types of safety violation: routine violations conceptualized as related to an individual's available cognitive energy or ‘effort’; and situational violations which are those provoked by the organization.
TL;DR: Investigating the features of energy-related situational factors, individual/household energy consumption behavioral norms, and energy-saving behavioral intentions in Beijing shows that among the three aspects assessed, situational factors most significantly and effectively influence the residents to assume energy- saving behaviors.
Abstract: With the increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, promoting an energy-saving lifestyle among residents has become an urgent environmental and social need. Studying factors that influence household daily energy-saving behaviors may help the government draft policies for reducing the energy consumption and promoting the sustainable development of the human economic society. In this study, we investigate the features of energy-related situational factors, individual/household energy consumption behavioral norms, and energy-saving behavioral intentions by performing a questionnaire survey in Beijing. We examine the relationships among the mentioned aspects by applying factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results show that among the three aspects assessed, situational factors most significantly and effectively influence the residents to assume energy-saving behaviors. Energy-saving behavioral norms partly mediate the relationship between situational factors and behavioral intention. We propose practice policy implications on the basis of the results. In particular, the positive influences of situational factors should be strengthened, and relevant policy measures should be emphasized to establish a situational background beneficial for accelerating the formation or transformation of energy-saving behaviors.
02 May 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose the concept of "Situational When", an approach to understand time in interface design not as a point on a calendar or clock, but as a set of converging circumstances that constitute "the time" for happenings to take place.
Abstract: We propose the concept of "Situational When", an approach to understanding time in interface design not as a point on a calendar or clock, but as a set of converging circumstances that constitute "the time" for happenings to take place. Time is encoded both explicitly and implicitly in designed products. However, many technologies propagate business-centric, modernist values such as scheduling and efficiency, and marginalize broader socio-cultural aspects on which many activities are nonetheless contingent, e.g. the right people, the right weather conditions, and the right vibe. We derive our reflections from a case study of a cross-cultural digital noticeboard designed with an Australian Aboriginal community. Attention to the situational when opens up new possibilities for design that put greater emphasis on the social and relational aspects of time, the situational insights embodied in local narratives, and the tangible (e.g. people) and intangible (e.g. energy) circumstances that together make up the "right" time.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how the look and feel of an organization shapes newcomers' trust in that organization and examine the effects of situational normality on trust in an organization.
Abstract: We conducted two studies examining how the “look and feel” of an organization shapes newcomers’ trust in that organization. More specifically, we examined the effects of situational normality—the d...
TL;DR: A broader approach is endorsed that emphasizes how responding to situational pressure can coexist with agency, and should create greater convergence between social psychological models and the experience of agency in everyday life.
Abstract: A cursory read of the social psychological literature suggests that when people find themselves in strong situations, they fail to display agency. The early classic studies of conformity, obedience, and bystander intervention, for example, are renowned for showing that when challenged by strong situational pressures, participants acquiesced—even if it meant abandoning their moral principles or disregarding their own sensory data. Later studies of learned helplessness, ego depletion, and stereotype threat echoed this “power of the situation” theme, demonstrating that exposure to (or the expectation of) a frustrating or unpleasant experience suppressed subsequent efforts to actualize goals and abilities. Although this work has provided many valuable insights into the influence of situational pressures, it has been used to buttress an unbalanced and misleading portrait of human agency. This portrait fails to recognize that situations are not invariably enemies of agency. Instead, strong situational forces of...
TL;DR: Data from 625 survey responses indicate that Facebook users experience greater OSN-SE when they exhibit neuroticism and use Facebook to gratify needs to gather information, seek attention, or pass time, suggesting that envy-prone users should use OSN for specific purposes and avoid passive pursuits.
TL;DR: The authors employ a deliberative perspective, whereby individuals engage in careful calculation of individual and situational factors to determine whether to speak up in order to decide whether or not to use their voice.
Abstract: Research on voice has traditionally employed a deliberative perspective, whereby individuals engage in careful calculation of individual and situational factors to determine whether to speak up In
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified 77 individual, situational and behavioural factors that seem to impact on the resilience of leaders, and integrated these factors into meaningful categories and integrated them into a framework appropriate for leadership, in addition to individual traits and abilities, situational factors (private and work environment) and behavioral factors (personal and interpersonal behaviour) are highly important and that leaders’ resilience results from an inte...
Abstract: Can the boss take the heat? Is he or she tough enough for the job? Can they take it, endure the pressure, tolerate or stand up to it? Although we know that resilient leaders are essential for a healthy and efficient workforce, the resilience of leaders itself is still largely unexplored. Our study aims to identify distinctive resilience factors in leadership and help close this research gap. We interviewed 27 leaders from various industrial sectors, German regions and leadership positions. In a qualitative content analysis, we identified 77 individual, situational and behavioural factors that seem to impact on the resilience of leaders. We divided these factors into meaningful categories and integrated them into a framework appropriate for leadership. This framework shows that in addition to individual traits and abilities, situational factors (private and work environment) and behavioural factors (personal and interpersonal behaviour) are highly important and that leaders’ resilience results from an inte...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a framework for comparative studies that explains student achievement by teacher competence, which is modelled as a multi-dimensional construct that includes cognitive and affective-motivational resources necessary to master classroom demands.
Abstract: This chapter presents a framework for comparative studies that explains student achievement by teacher competence. Teacher competence is modelled as a multi-dimensional construct that includes cognitive and affective-motivational resources necessary to master classroom demands. Lesson planning, motivating students, classroom management and diagnosing student achievement can be regarded as crucial demands teachers have to master in many countries. Processes mediating the transformation of teacher’s cognitive and affective-motivational resources into classroom performance in terms of teachers’ situational skills are included in the framework as well. Perception, interpretation and decision-making are highlighted in this respect. Competence profiles describe the patterns how all teacher resources (cognition, affect, motivation, situational skills) play together. In this chapter, we pay attention particularly to teachers’ general pedagogical knowledge and skills which are facets all teachers need to deal successfully with classroom demands. Empirical results from the international “Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M)” are presented, which examined teacher knowledge in 16 countries at the end of their programmes. In addition, results on mediating situated skills such as teachers’ perception or decision-making are presented.
TL;DR: A taxonomy of values underlying patient decision making is proposed and examples of how these impact provision of health care are provided to highlight different values impacting decision making and facilitates a more complete value assessment at the point of care.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the relationship between crime and social disadvantages by applying Situational Action Theory (SAT) to explain the delinquent behaviour of adolescents, and they empirically test this relationship by applying structural equation modelling and testing for indirect effects of structural heterogeneities.
Abstract: This article focuses on the relationship between crime and social disadvantages by applying Situational Action Theory (Wikstrom 2006, 2009; Wikstrom et al., 2012) to explain the delinquent behaviour of adolescents. According to Situational Action Theory, criminal acts are the result of a perception-choice process that is guided by the interaction of a person’s crime propensity and the criminogenic conditions of the environment. Social disadvantages are not causes of criminal behaviour but rather causes of the causes. Social disadvantages affect the emergence of crime propensity and criminogenic exposure of individuals. This relationship between crime and disadvantages in the context of Situational Action Theory will be empirically tested by applying structural equation modelling and testing for indirect effects of several structural heterogeneities. The results show that the relationship between heterogeneity features and delinquency for the most part is mediated by the theoretical assumptions of SAT.
TL;DR: It is found that users are less likely to engage in negative behaviours after negative incidents that take place outdoors or in vehicles than after indoor incidents, and the relationships between specific situational characteristics and different types of user behaviours are uncovered.
Abstract: Users occasionally have critical incidents with information systems IS. A critical IS incident is an IS product or service experience that a user considers to be unusually positive or negative. Critical IS incidents are highly influential in terms of users' overall perceptions and customer relationships; thus, they are crucial for IS product and service providers. Therefore, it is important to study user behaviours after such incidents. Within IS, the relationships between the situational context and user behaviours after critical incidents have not been addressed at all. Prior studies on general mobile use as a related research area have recognized the influence of the situational context, but they have not covered the relationships between specific situational characteristics and different types of user behaviours. To address this gap, we examine 605 critical mobile incidents that were collected from actual mobile application users. Based on our results, we extend current theoretical knowledge by uncovering and explaining the relationships between specific situational characteristics interaction state, place, sociality and application type and user behaviours use continuance, word-of-mouth and complaints. We have found, for example, that users are less likely to engage in negative behaviours after negative incidents that take place outdoors or in vehicles than after indoor incidents. This is because users often consider indoor environments to be familiar and treat them with established expectations and low uncertainty: users are accustomed to the notion that the applications function indoors just like before. Further, we present practical implications for mobile application providers by suggesting to them which positive critical incidents are the most beneficial to promote and which negative critical incidents are the most crucial to avoid.
06 May 2017
TL;DR: Motowidlo et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed the role of situational judgement tests (SJTs) in terms of context-independent knowledge and general domain knowledge, and pointed out that these two perspectives have emerged alongside each other.
Abstract: When situational judgement tests (SJTs) began to regain popularity among the scientific
community in the 1990s, there was an implicit notion that they captured contextdependent
knowledge. In fact, the term ‘situational judgement’ carries the connotation of
test‐takers’ responses being more effective when they consider the specifics of the situation.
In recent years another perspective has emerged, which views SJTs as capturing relatively
context‐independent knowledge (or general domain knowledge; Motowidlo, Crook, Kell
& Naemi, 2009; Motowidlo, Hooper & Jackson, 2006a). Although SJTs and their items
will often fall somewhere between these two perspectives, we posit in this chapter that it
might be useful to distinguish between them. So far, there has been no review of the SJT
literature in terms of these two approaches. This is understandable, as over the years the
two perspectives have emerged alongside each other. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is
to review SJT research according to these two approaches.
TL;DR: The current research proposes that different concerns are constitutive elements of different emotional experiences and thus encourages new ways of thinking about emotions.
Abstract: People experience emotions when events are relevant to their current concerns, that is, when events affect their goals, values, or motives that are pertinent at that time. In the current research, we focused on one kind of concern-values-and examined whether different types of concerns are associated with different categories of emotion. More specifically, we investigated whether, at the situation level, the relevance of different types of values is linked to the intensity of different types of emotional experience. We conducted two retrospective survey studies (Studies 1 and 2)-one of which was cross-cultural-and one experience-sampling study (Study three). Together, the three studies provide convergent evidence for associations between the situational relevance of self-focused values (e.g., ambition, success) and socially disengaging emotions (e.g., pride, anger) on the one hand, and between the relevance of other-focused values (e.g., loyalty, helping) and socially engaging emotions (e.g., closeness, shame) on the other. These findings challenge the (often implicit) assumption of emotion theories that different types of concerns are interchangeable-that is, that it does not matter for emotion which concern is relevant as long as one is. In contrast, the current research proposes that different concerns are constitutive elements of different emotional experiences and thus encourages new ways of thinking about emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record
01 Aug 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a distinction between situational interest and individual interest and explain how both are related to knowledge and argue that the relations between these three concepts are at the heart of the education endeavor.
Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to illuminate the role of interest in knowledge acquisition. In this chapter, we make a distinction between situational interest and individual interest and explain how both are related to knowledge. We will argue that the relations between these three concepts are at the heart of the education endeavor. We present empirical findings showing that situational interest is a causal factor in the acquisition of knowledge. Individual interest is shown to be a by-product of knowledge and a causal factor in the emergence of situational interest. In the concluding paragraphs, we will propose a model that integrates our findings and present directions for future research.