Showing papers on "Trace metal published in 2001"
TL;DR: The comparison with EF calculated for high-emitting vehicle particle emissions indicated that motor exhausts are the most important source of these elements in La Plata region.
341 citations
TL;DR: Under experimental conditions, otolith concentrations of several trace metals are related to water concentrations, however, these patterns do not simply extrapolate to the natural environment where the mechanisms involved appear to be more complex.
209 citations
TL;DR: Exposure to acidified water appears to increase the transport of metals into fish and hence the toxic effects, and relationships with water chemistry are evaluated.
167 citations
15 Jun 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of ion type, pH, and Ionic strength on the release of heavy metals in soil have been investigated, using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
Abstract: Sorption and Release of Heavy Metals in Soils: Nonlinear Kinetics, H.M. Selim and M.C. Amacher Anion and Cation Transport in Zeolitized Tuffs from the Nevada Test Site: Effects of Ion Type, pH, and Ionic Strength, C. Papelis and W. Um Modeling Competitive Sorption and Release of Heavy Metals in Soils, R. Kretzschmar and A. Voegelin Heavy Metal Solubility and Transport in Soil Contaminated by Mining and Smelting, S.L. McGowen and NT. Basta Phase Plane Analysis and Dynamical System Approaches to the Study of Metal Sorption in Soils, S.F. Oppenheimer, W.L. Kingery, and F.X. Han Kinetic Study of Trace Metal EDTA-Desorption from Contaminated Soils, A. Bermond and J.P. Ghestem Soil Properties Controlling Metal Partitioning, C.A. Impellitteri, H.E. Allen, Y. Yin, S-J You, and J.K. Saxe Understanding Sulfate Adsorption Mechanisms on Iron (III) Oxides and Hydroxides: Results from ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy, D. Peak, E.J. Elzinga, and D.L. Sparks Selenium Contamination in Soil: Sorption and Desorption Processes, B. Pezzarossa and G. Petruzzelli Arsenic Behavior in Contaminated Soils: Mobility and Speciation, V. Matera and I. Le Hecho Chemical Structures of Soil Organic Matter and Their Interactions with Heavy Metals, W.L. Kingery, A.J. Simpson, and M.H. B. Hayes Index
159 citations
TL;DR: The distribution of most metals was relatively uniform throughout the Gulf with the exception of Ag, Pb and Cr, and the concentration of organic contaminants increased in a north-to-south direction.
159 citations
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that lichen and moss have remarkably similar multi-element patterns suggesting that they are non-specific accumulators of metals under existing conditions, and that the correlation of other poorly soluble elements and key elemental ratios in lichens and moss are also similar to UCC and modern river sediment values.
158 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the first detailed data on aerosol concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Fe and Al) at the SE Mediterranean coast of Israel, and assessed their sources and fluxes.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the concentration of 20 elements (Mn, Fe, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, Ni and Pb) were determined in 18 Fe-Mn nodules from two alfisols, which are subject to periodic waterlogging.
145 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that nutrient enrichments in many coastal waters can considerably affect trace metal uptake in phytoplankton and presumably metal trophic transfer in marine food chains.
135 citations
TL;DR: The average trace metal concentrations in the soil water were high, but they varied during the sampling period, and Zn concentrations were not correlated with pH or total organic carbon in the solutions but were correlated with Cd concentrations.
120 citations
TL;DR: A novel model describing Eisenia andrei body concentrations for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn as a function of pH, metals, and soluble organic carbon in soil extracts for potential use in predicting values in contaminated field sites was developed.
Abstract: We developed a novel model describing Eisenia andrei body concentrations for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn as a function of pH, metals, and soluble organic carbon (SOC) in soil extracts for potential use in predicting values in contaminated field sites. Data from 17 moderately contaminated Dutch field soils in which earthworms were cultured were used in model development. Model parameters quantify biological phenomena important for metal bioavailability, and soil variables quantify relevant soil chemistry characteristics. Earthworm body concentration (EBC) was modeled so that soil metal soluble at bulk soil pH was considered available for dermal exposure, and gut exposure was due to soil metal in solution near neutral regulated gut pH. The efficiency parameter values indicated that metals are biologically regulated in the following order (most to least): Zn - Cu > Pb > Cd. The values determined for the exposure-route constant indicate that Cd, Cu, and Pb EBCs are almost exclusively (>96%) due to dermal exposure and that only 18% of Zn EBC was due to gut exposure. The minimum healthful EBCs determined were Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd, and the values for Pb and Cd were near zero. The Cu model was normalized by soluble organic carbon to be meaningful. The model was most accurate in describing Zn behavior.
TL;DR: The levels of trace metals and organochlorine residue were determined in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) in the framework of a MED-POL II Project for the Aegean Sea during 1994-1998 and are similar to the results in fish from Mediterranean countries.
TL;DR: Comparing metal concentrations in algae among the studied sampling stations clearly indicates that the degree of accumulation depends not only on human activities but also on the geology of the specific area, and it is important to take account of a region's geology before attempting to interpret the data.
TL;DR: The concentration and distribution of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn among the tissues of a freshwater fish exposed to combined (composite) tannery effluent was investigated and the accumulation was found to be dose- and time-dependent.
TL;DR: In-situ benthic flux studies were conducted at three stations in Upper Galveston Bay twice during March 1996 to directly measure release rates of dissolved Mn, Fe, Ni and Zn from the sediments.
TL;DR: The effects of dredging on mobilisation of trace metals (Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) were identified and the intensities and time scales of trace metal mobilisation were investigated during an experimental dredging project conducted under field conditions.
TL;DR: The dominance of dietary ingestion in trace metal accumulation is a function of the conspicu- ously high assimilation efficiencies and high ingestion activity of barnacles.
Abstract: Assimilation from the diet is established as a key factor in the accumulation of very high trace metal concentrations by the barnacle Elminius modestus. Assimilation efficiencies (AE) of Cd, Cr, Se and Zn were measured from a diet of different phytoplankton (2 diatoms, a dinoflagellate, a prasinophyte and a chlorophyte) and of zooplankton (the copepod Acartia spinicauda with metal accumulated from solution or diet). AEs of Cd, Se and Zn (but not Cr) varied greatly with phyto- plankton type, and for Cd and Se the AE was correlated with the percentage of metal burden held in the cytoplasm of the phytoplankton diet. AE was generally higher from the zooplankton diet than from a phytoplankton diet. Variation in AEs of Cd, Se and Zn was not explained by any correlation with the percentage of copepod metal burden held in the soft tissues, nor was there variation for either Cd or Zn according to whether the copepod prey had accumulated metal from dissolved or food sources. Comparisons of the assimilation and efflux of accumulated metals by the archaeo- balanid barnacle E. modestus and literature data for (phylogenetically younger) balanid species of the genus Balanus indicate some differences in digestive physiology of barnacles from the 2 families, tending towards higher AEs in the balanids. Modeling of the accumulation of Cd and Zn by E. mod- estus predicts that for each metal >97% of accumulated metal has been derived from dietary inges- tion. The dominance of dietary ingestion in trace metal accumulation is a function of the conspicu- ously high assimilation efficiencies and high ingestion activity of barnacles. This study adds to the small but growing list of examples highlighting the significance of trophic transfer in metal accumu- lation by aquatic invertebrates.
TL;DR: While Hg concentrations decreased with rainfall amount, a similar washout trend was not seen for MMHg, and Cd, Pb, As, and Se concentrations were comparable overall to those measured in the region.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the effect of iron supply and increased phytoplankton growth on the cycling of the macronutrients phosphate, nitrate and silicic acid as well as the micronutrient copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd).
Abstract: We have investigated the effect of iron supply and increased phytoplankton growth on the cycling of the macronutrients phosphate, nitrate and silicic acid as well as the micronutrients copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). Nutrient levels were measured in situ in an iron-induced phytoplankton bloom at 61°S 140°E in the Southern Ocean Iron Release experiment (SOIREE). Nutrient ratios upon arrival at the study site indicate that much of the seasonal phytoplankton productivity was by iron-limited diatoms growing at low mean light levels. The addition of iron (Fe) induced a bloom that led to a draw-down in the macronutrients in ratios consistent with the growth of diatoms under iron-replete conditions. None of the bioutilised trace metals Cu, Ni, Zn or Cd showed any indication of co-limitation, with Fe, of phytoplankton growth. Zn concentrations did not decrease by algal uptake as expected. Cd was partitioned to the particulate phase indicating consumption by the algae. Cd was preferentially utilised with respect to P with a α Cd/P =5.8. Interpretation of the Cd/Ca data from the sedimentary record using this higher induced α Cd/P value would imply even higher Southern Ocean surface water P during the last glacial maximum.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in pre-industrial ice from coastal west Antarctica, dust and salt account for only a few percent of the lead, cadmium, and indium that is present in most samples, less than half in any sample.
TL;DR: The results suggest that despite the high variation in ambient metal concentrations within each land-use category, macroinvertebrates in ponds serving commercial watersheds accumulate higher levels of Cu and Zn.
TL;DR: The most contaminated sites and possible local sources of metals were identified for each lake, and the lakes classified into quality classes concerning metal pollution.
TL;DR: In this paper, the elemental composition of the incremental growth record in the shells of longevous, (-35 yr old) horse mussels was determined from shells collected in 1984 from two sites in the southern North Sea, an 'impacted dump' site and a 'control' site distant from known point source inputs.
Abstract: Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to determine the elemental composition of the incremental growth record in the shells of longevous, (-35 yr old) horse mussels Modiolus modiolus Concentrations of the contaminant metals Cu, Pb and Zn were determined from shells collected in 1984 from 2 sites in the southern North Sea, an 'impacted dump' site and a 'control' site distant from known point source inputs The age of each shell was determined from the pattern of annual growth lines present in thin shell sections, and each growth line was assigned a date, thus allowing annual concentrations of these elements to be determined, Using LA-ICP-MS, concentrations of the metals were determined in 5 replicate laser ablations (size ∼100 x 200 μm), from individual summer and winter growth lines along the length of each of 3 shells from the dump site and 3 shells from the control site A significant effect of age (year) on Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the shells from both sites was apparent, indicating changing concentrations with time Significant seasonal (summer/winter) effects were only obvious in the concentrations of Pb and Zn in the shells; a non-significant difference in seasonal incorporation of Cu was observed Concentrations of all 3 metals were significantly elevated in the dump site shells compared with the control site shells Pearson correlation coefficients, determined for pairs of metals in the shells from both sites, indicated a higher number of significant positive correlations in the concentrations amongst the metals in the dump site shells than in the control shells during certain periods of the mussels' life Levels of Cu, Zn and Pb were significantly higher in the dump site shells between 1968 and 1974 than in the period from 1975 to 1979 In the control site shells, although Pb and Zn significantly declined during the same periods, the concentrations were substantially and significantly lower than in the dump site shells The implementation of the Dumping at Sea Act (in 1974) and the subsequent decline in dumping in the North Sea may have resulted in a decrease in the concentration of metals in the shells from the impacted dump site
TL;DR: Geographical variation in bioavailabilities is clear for several metals, with hotspots for arsenic, copper, nickel and silver at Chai Wan Kok, and for lead in Junk Bay.
TL;DR: Results show that contamination of sediment with trace metals has resulted in elevated trace metals in the benthic feeding fish M. cephalus and these concentrations are of concern in muscle tissues as they are above recommended acceptable limits for safe human consumption, while concentrations in tissues are at levels that may effect fish growth, reproduction, and survival.
Abstract: Selenium, cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations were measured in sediments and the tissues of mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected from the southern basin of Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia. Trace metals in surficial sediments are enriched in trace metals relative to background concentrations (selenium, 3-19; cadmium, 14-42; copper, 1.5-3.6; zinc, 0.77-2.2 times background). Selenium, cadmium, and copper in Lake Macquarie mullet tissues are elevated compared to those in mullet collected from the Clyde River estuary, a relatively pristine location. Selenium and copper concentrations are also elevated compared to those reported in mullet tissues from other nonpolluted coastal environments. Zinc concentrations in Lake Macquarie mullet muscle tissues are significantly higher than those in muscle tissues of mullet from the Clyde River estuary, but mullet from both locations have similar zinc concentrations in other tissues. These results show that contamination of sediment with trace metals has resulted in elevated trace metals in the benthic feeding fish M. cephalus. Little of the variation of trace metal concentrations between fish was explained by variation in mass. Selenium concentrations in mullet are of concern in muscle tissues as they are above recommended acceptable limits for safe human consumption, while concentrations in tissues are at levels that may effect fish growth, reproduction, and survival. Copper concentrations in mullet tissues are also at levels that may reduce fish growth.
TL;DR: Significant differences in oyster accumulated concentrations (and hence bioavailabilities) of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni and Ag were found between stations, and attributed to anthropogenic inputs including discharges of sewage and industrial effluent.
TL;DR: A five-component mixing model involving contributions from the natural background, gasoline inputs from industrial and agricultural activity and a source resulting from mining waste may be used to explain both the Pb isotope signature and the fluctuations in trace metal contents of Massif Central rainwater.
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define bioavailability according to the receptor organism and show that for a contaminant to be assimilated, it will have to be mobile and transported and be bioavailable to the organism.
Abstract: Metals external to the organism are unlikely to cause any adverse effect in that organism but may do so once absorbed (or taken up) and assimilated. This implies that as a prelude step, metals have to come in contact with the organism to be of any benefit or consequence to that organism. In turn, metals have to be in a particular form to be able to enter an organism. In essence, for a contaminant to be assimilated, it will have to be mobile and transported and be bioavailable to the organism. Because bioavailability (also known as bioaccessibility) may have different meanings to different disciplines, it is prudent to define it according to the receptor organism.
TL;DR: Concentrations of many trace organic and metal contaminants in the Kara Sea appear to originate from riverine sources and atmospheric transport from more temperate areas, however, contaminants are being concentrated in organisms and may pose a health hazard for inhabitants of coastal villages.
TL;DR: Using sequential extraction of solid sulfides, the determination of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and chromium reducible sulfurs (CRS) in anoxic sediments from the Authie Bay (in northern France) has been undertaken because of the importance of the sediments as sinks for iron, sulfur and trace metals and as possible sources of pollution when reduced sediments are mixed with oxic waters as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Using sequential extraction of solid sulfides, the determination of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and chromium reducible sulfurs (CRS) in anoxic sediments from the Authie Bay (in northern France) has been undertaken because of the importance of the sediments as sinks for iron, sulfur and trace metals and as possible sources of
pollution when reduced sediments are mixed with oxic waters (as a result of a sediment remobilization induced by physical disturbances such as tidal currents and dredgings), and subsequently oxidized. Chemical analysis of solutions recovered after sequential leaching of sediments with 1 M HCl, 1 M HF and concentrated
HNO3 has enabled us to obtain profiles, s. sediment depth, of trace metals associated with pyrite. Porewater concentration profiles s. depth have been determined for several cations (Ca2+, Cd2+, Cu2+,
Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, Pb2+, Sr2+ and Zn2+) and anions (CO32−, PO43−, SO42− and S2−). Using the chemical equilibrium modeling program MINEQL+ with these analytical data, thermodynamic calculations have given
information about the possibility of precipitation of discrete metal sulfide phases (FeS as greigite and amorphous FeS; ZnS, PbS, CuS and CdS), and coprecipitation with adsorption on solid FeS to produce solid solutions with iron sulfides. The degree of trace metal pyritization, DTMP, has been determined for these metals and compared to the degree of pyritization, DOP. The findings suggest that in Authie-bay sediments Mn is well pyritized; whereas Zn, Cu, Ni and above all Cd are weakly pyritized (MnZn≃Cu>NiCd). These observations seem to be intimately related to the existence of the discrete/separate solid phases
CuS, CdS and ZnS, as predicted by thermodynamic calculations. Finally, analysis of crude sediments, heavy minerals
and pyrite extracted by a heavy liquid density separation method, has been performed with a Raman microprobe to gain information about the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of these sediments. The efficiency of sequential leachings of sediments (which were used for sedimentary pyrite recovery/attack and analysis of pyritic Fe and
trace metal) has also been evaluated by these techniques.